Fungal skin diseases are brought about by various sorts of fungi and are the main reasons behind an irritated skin. Fungi attack and develop in dead keratin, a protein that makes up your skin, hair and nails. The various sorts of fungal diseases are caused by various groups of fungi. Some common fungal skin infections include ringworm, intertrigo, nail infections, Athlete’s foot, etc.
The likelihood of fungal infections increase in the following cases:
Fungal rashes can at times be mistaken for other skin conditions, for example, psoriasis and eczema. Fungal skin diseases can bring about a number of skin rashes; some of them being red, textured and itchy. The organism can influence only one region, or a few zones of your body. In the event that you get a fungal disease of your scalp, you might lose some hair. There are steps which can be performed in order to protect yourself from getting a parasitic skin contamination:
फंगल इन्फेक्शन को ही हिंदी में कवक संक्रमण कहा जाता है. ये एक सामान्य समस्या है. मनुष्यों में फंगल इन्फेक्शन तब होता है, जब कोई फंगस शरीर के किसी हिस्से पर हावी हो जाता है और हमारी प्रतिरक्षा प्रणाली उससे लड़ नहीं पाती. इससे हमारा शरीर प्रभावित होना शुरू हो जाता है. कवक हवा, मिट्टी, पानी और पौधों में हो सकते हैं. कुछ ऐसे कवक भी होते है, जो स्वाभाविक रूप से मानव शरीर में रहते हैं. यह रोगाणुओं की तरह ही होते हैं. इनमें से कुछ उपयोगी कवक होते हैं, तो कुछ हानिकारक भी होते हैं. यह हानिकारक कवक जब हमारे शरीर पर हमला करते हैं, तो उन्हें मारना मुश्किल हो सकता है, क्योंकि वे हर तरह के पर्यावरण में जीवित रह सकते हैं. इतना ही नहीं स्वस्थ होने की कोशिश कर रहे व्यक्ति को यह पुनः संक्रमित कर सकते हैं. आइए फंगस इन्फेक्शन के ईलाज के बारे में जानें.
फंगल इन्फेक्शन का उपचार
फंगल इन्फेक्शन का इलाज कैसे होता है? त्वचा के फंगल इन्फेक्शन का उपचार आम तौर पर आसान होता है. इस समस्या में आपको तब तक अस्पताल में भर्ती होने की जरूरत नहीं होती, जब तक कि आपकी रोग प्रतिरोधक प्रणाली कमजोर न हो जाए या कैंडिडा संक्रमण आपके खून में न फैल जाएं. इसके उपचार का मुख्य आधार एंटी-फंगल दवाएं है जो कई रूपों में उपलब्ध होती हैं: एंटी-फंगल क्रीम मरहम या लेप आपकी त्वचा पर लगाए जाने वाले लोशन खाने वाली दवाएं नसों में दी जाने वाली दवाएं.
विभिन्न प्रकार की दवाओं का उपयोग संक्रमण के प्रकार और संक्रमण से प्रभावित शरीर के अंग के आधार पर किया जाता है. योनि के लिए जैल या क्रीम को अक्सर योनि में होने वाले यीस्ट संक्रमण के लिए उपयोग किया जाता है. ओरल थ्रश के लिए अक्सर गले की खराश को दूर करने वाली गोलियां, अन्य टैबलेट व माउथ वॉश (मुंह को साफ करने वाला तरह पदार्थ) को एंटीफंगल के साथ इलाज के लिए इस्तेमाल किया जाता है. एथलीट्स फुट का प्रायः स्प्रे, पाउडर और मलहम (लेप) से इलाज किया जाता है. गंभीर संक्रमण का इलाज ओरल दवाओं या नसों में दी जाने वाली दवाओं से किया जाता है.
During breathing activity, chest wall moves out & in, lungs expand & relax. For the smooth movement of the lungs inside the chest cavity, they are lined by pleura.
Pleura includes two thin linings, the layer lining lungs is called visceral pleura and the one lining chest wall is called parietal pleura. The cavity formed between these two layers is called Pleural cavity. It contains a small amount of lubricant called Pleural fluid which helps smooth sliding of two pleural surfaces. Any condition which results in inflammation of the pleural surfaces or accumulation of excessive fluid in the pleural cavity gives rise to symptoms attributable to pleural involvement or disease.
Pleural effusion is nothing but the collection of excess fluid in the pleural cavity. Excess fluid in the pleural space is not normal and can occur due to a variety of reasons. Depending on the chemical composition it is broadly divided into two categories, transudate and exudate.
What Causes Pleural Effusion?
1. Transudate pleural effusions
Transudate pleural effusion is formed when fluid leaks from blood vessels into the pleural space. Chemically, transudates contain less protein and LDH than exudates. It is generally seen in the following conditions.
Congestive heart failure
Liver failure or cirrhosis
2. Exudate pleural effusions
Exudate pleural effusion is caused by inflammation of the pleura itself and are often due to diseases involving the lung. Following are some common illnesses giving rise to exudate pleural effusion.
Symptoms of Pleural Effusion -
Chest Pain: Chest pain is mainly due to irritation of the pleural lining. The pain is sharp, localized and worsens with a deep breath, yawning, coughing which is usually described as pleuritic. If the effusion causes inflammation of the diaphragm the pain may be referred to the shoulder or the upper abdomen. As the pleural effusion increases in size, the pain may increase or disappear altogether due to the separation of inflamed pleural surfaces.
Shortness of breath: As the effusion grows larger with more fluid, the harder it is for the lung to expand and the more difficult it is for the patient to breathe resulting in shortness of breath.
Other Symptoms: Other symptoms are generally attributable to the underlying disease process.
Diagnosis of Pleural Effusion -
Patient’s Detailed History and Clinical Examination are the mainstays of diagnosing pleural effusion and it’s the underlying cause. Following investigative modalities are generally opted for working out the final diagnosis before instituting appropriate therapy.
Treatment of Pleural Effusion -
Treatment of underlying Disease: The treatment of a pleural effusion usually requires that the underlying illness or disease is treated and controlled to prevent the accumulation of the pleural fluid. Like anti-TB therapy for Tubercular etiology or treatment of Cancer in malignant pleural effusion, etc.
Thoracentesis: As discussed earlier Thoracentesis can be used as a therapeutic procedure to remove excess fluid and help lung expand and function properly.
Tube thoracostomy: Thoracostomy or chest tube insertion may be done to drain and treat fluids which cannot be removed by needle aspirations, e.g. empyemas (pus collections).
Pleurodesis: Some pleural effusions reoccur multiple times; sclerosing agents that induce scarring such as talc or tetracycline was used to prevent a recurrence.
Decortication: If sclerosing agents fail, surgery may be required, called Decortication.
Thin membranes on the surface of lungs and inside of the chest cavity are known as Pleura. The space between them is known as Pleural space. Pleural Effusion is a common problem where fluid accumulates in the Pleural space. A person may have it if he or she has any heart or lung problems, such as Pneumonia, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary Embolism, etc. Other problems not related to lung or heart, such as Hypothyroidism, Nephrotic Syndrome, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Ovarian Tumours, etc. may also lead to Pleural Effusion.
Causes of Pleural Effusion
There may be a wide range of causes for Pleural Effusion. The most common causes are:
● Leakage of fluid from organs: If someone has a Heart problem and it is not pumping blood properly, there may be accumulation of fluid in the body. This fluid may leak into the Pleural space. If the Liver or Kidney is not working properly, it may also give rise to accumulation of fluid. This fluid build-up may leak into the Pleural space.
● Infections: Infections like Bacterial Pneumonia and Tuberculosis are major reasons for Pleural Effusion.
● Autoimmune conditions: Autoimmune conditions like Lupus Erythematosus, Rheumatoid Arthritis, etc. may also cause such condition.
● Pulmonary embolism: Embolism leads to blockage in Artery in one of the lungs. This can lead to Pleural Effusion.
● Lung cancer: Lung Cancer often causes Pleural Effusion. Cancer spreading to the Lungs from other organs too can precipitate the condition.
Pleural Effusion Symptoms
Symptoms of this disease show up only when the fluid build-up is moderate or large. Symptoms include shortness of breath, fever, chest pain, aggravation during deep breathing, cough, etc. These are the most pronounced symptoms of this condition. One may also have chills and night sweats.
Treatment of Pleural Effusion
These are some of the common treatment steps for this disease:
● The first stage in treatment is Chest X-ray or CT Scan to ascertain the dimension of fluid accumulation.
● The doctor may then draw out a sample of the fluid to test it for infection. If an infection is detected, doctor may prescribe antibiotics.
● If the fluid accumulation is less, the doctor may not consider it necessary to draw out the fluid.
● If there is a Heart problem, the doctor may prescribe medicines for the same.
● If the Effusion is large, a doctor would most likely perform a Thoracentesis to drain the fluid and ease the symptoms.
● If the Effusion keeps coming back, the doctor may consider a Pleural Drain. A catheter is put into the Pleural space for a long time for that.
● The doctor may also inject an inflammatory substance into the Pleural space. This inflames the Pleura and helps them bond with each other tightly. This is known as Pleurodesis and can heal the problem.
Pleural Effusion is a medical condition which is not to be taken lightly. One must consult an experienced doctor for its treatment, as it may worsen over time.
फंगल इन्फेक्शन को कवक संक्रमण के नाम से भी जाना जाता है. यह एक सामान्य समस्या है जो तब होता है, जब शरीर के किसी अंग पर फंगस लग जाती है और हमारी प्रतिरक्षा प्रणाली उससे लड़ नहीं पाती है, जिससे हमारा शरीर प्रभावित होना शुरू हो जाता है. फंगस हवा, मिट्टी, पानी और पौधों में मौजूद हो सकते हैं. पर्यावरण में कवक की 50,000 से अधिक विभिन्न प्रजातियां हैं, लेकिन केवल 20 से 25 प्रजातियां मनुष्यों में संक्रमण का कारण बन सकती हैं। कुछ कवक प्राकृतिक रूप से मानव शरीर में मौजूद होते हैं जिसमे से कुछ उपयोगी कवक होते हैं, तो कुछ नुकसानदायक भी होते हैं. यह नुकसानदायक फंगस जब हमारे बॉडी पर अटैक करते हैं, तो उन्हें मारना मुश्किल हो सकता है, क्योंकि वे हर तरह के पर्यावरण में जीवित रह सकते हैं. हालांकि, कभी-कभी कुछ कारक कवक को अधिक मात्रा में बढ़ा सकते हैं या बदल सकते हैं, और इससे फंगल संक्रमण हो सकता है। आइए फंगस इन्फेक्शन के ईलाज के बारे में जानें.
Pleural effusion, in medical terms, is a condition characterized by an abnormal accumulation of fluids in the pleural space. The pleural space is essentially the region between the tissues that form the lining of the lungs and the chest cavity. The fluid that builds up in the pleural space may either be protein-rich (Exudative Pleural Effusions) or watery (Transudative Pleural Effusions) in nature, thus helping doctors ascertain the cause of the pleural effusion.
Further, people with Meigs’ syndrome, autoimmune diseases, congestive heart problems, Chylothorax, Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, or Tuberculosis also stand a higher risk of suffering from pleural effusions.
In most of the affected individuals, pleural effusions trigger
The first step towards effective treatment includes identifying the underlying health problem that triggered pleural effusions. Doctors work towards
In case of severe breathing troubles, doctors may perform Thoracentesis, an invasive procedure whereby the doctor carefully inserts a needle through the chest wall to drain out the excess fluids that have accumulated in the pleural space. While Thoracentesis is known to produce fruitful results, people with chronic lung disorders or lung surgery should refrain from this procedure.
In the case of pleural effusions resulting from congestive heart failure, the use of diuretics comes as a great relief. To prevent the recurrence of the condition or to deal with malignant pleural effusions, doctors may also opt for Pleural sclerosis or Pleurodesis, which involves the removal of excess pleural fluid from the pleural space.
The doctor slightly irritates the tissues of the pleural lining to create a scar. It is this scarring that results in the fusion of the two pleural layers thus filling the space between the layers and preventing the recurrence of pleural effusion. In malignant pleural effusions, patients may also require chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
In extreme cases, doctors may perform Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery (VATS). In VATS, ½ -inch long incisions (1-2) are made to drain out the pleural fluid. To avoid the recurrence of the effusion, antibiotic, or sterile talc is placed inside during the surgery.
In the case of pleural effusion resulting in infection at the pleural space, an Open Thoracic Surgery (Thoracotomy) is carried out to treat the condition.
While there are several treatment methods for pleural effusion, proper identification of the underlying cause is imperative to recommend the line of treatment best suited for the patient. In case you have a concern or query you can always consult an expert & get answers to your questions!
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When there is a fracture of the bone, the affected site may be plastered for the fracture to heal. In some cases, this may not be enough to mend the bones and surgery may be required along with bone grafting to rectify the condition. A new form of therapy, involving a less invasive procedure has been developed. It involves culturing the stem cells and using the same to mend and regenerate parts of the bone.
What does the treatment involve?
In this process, one cultures cells from the patient’s body. The cells are extracted from the bone marrow. These cells are cultured in the lab and injected back to the affected region of the body. Research has shown that after the injection, the treatment takes anywhere between 7 to 8 weeks to repair the fracture completely.
Since stem cells are being harvested from the patient and not from a third-party, the treatment does not have any ethical constraints. However, more studies are being conducted to prove without a doubt that the same does not cause any damage to the body of the patient in the long run.
It is likely that this procedure will replace rudimentary surgical techniques, such as bone harvesting, in the future. It is far less invasive and does not result in extreme pain or prolonged hospitalization.
The future of the treatment:
While stem cell culture has been around for a few years now, the use of the same procedure to treat fractures is The Latest Technology. It is in its early stages, which is why such a form of treatment is not offered by all hospitals across the globe and very selective surgeons having experience of the procedure would perform it.
Additional research and studies are being conducted to further confirm the efficacy of the treatment. Research has revealed that stem cell insertion in the bone can be used to regrow defects and heal non-unions of a bone. In some cases, repeated stem cell insertion may be required. The bone that grows as a result is as strong as the other bones in the body.
It is common for women to experience genital irritation and itching. At some point of time, every woman is likely to experience some form of vaginal irritation. It is a condition which often causes great distress and embarrassment. Vaginal irritation is commonly caused by a yeast infection. Irritation may also occur due to certain chemicals and sanitary pads, which are used during menstruation. Persistence of such irritation and itching may cause vaginal pain.
Vaginal irritation can be managed in several ways. Here are some tips on how to manage and control vaginal irritation using simple remedies:
Use apple cider vinegar: Apple cider vinegar contains antibacterial and antifungal properties. It helps in removal of irritation completely when caused by a bacterial or fungal infection. Take two spoonful of apple cider vinegar, add hot water to it and wash your vagina using this water. The vagina is made acidic due to which the bacteria does not last long.
Apply cold compress: Vaginal irritation during the night can be quite troublesome and is likely to hamper your sleep, leaving you fatigued. Apply a cold compress or ice cubes directly to the vagina. This will provide substantial relief to the irritation.
Take a salt bath: Salt is effective in eliminating bacteria and itching. In case you suffer from itching, wash your vagina using concentrated salt water. This will provide instant relief from the irritation and the risk of further bacterial growth gets reduced.
Use garlic paste: Garlic contains antibacterial properties, which are quite effective in providing relief from irritation and itching symptoms in the vagina. The smell of garlic is also considered effective. Make a garlic paste and apply it inside your vagina.
Use yogurt: Yogurt contains active cultures, which remove bad bacteria by the addition of abundant good bacteria. Have a cup of pure yogurt without sugar regularly. Yogurt takes care of yeast infections quite fast. You may also apply it on the vagina, especially in the area prone to irritation.
Use basil leaves: Basil leaves contain antifungal, antimicrobial and antibacterial properties. Boil basil leaves in water and drink the water. This method eliminates bacteria, which causes vaginal irritation.
Antibacterial talc: You can use any antibacterial talc of either medical or herbal variety. A herbal, homeopathic talc is mild on the body, but takes some time to heal the infection. Medicated talcs provide faster healing. The talc destroys bacterial and fungal infections, which may occur because of the moist surroundings.
Keep it dry: Keep your vagina dry as bacterial and fungal infections commonly affect wet areas, which result in irritation. For prevention of vaginal irritation, always wear loose clothes. If the irritation gets out of control, you must consult a doctor.
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