It is gastrointestinal bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract, commonly defined as bleeding arising from the oesophagus, stomach, or duodenum. Blood is often observed in vomit (hematemesis) or in the stool (melena). Upper gastrointestinal bleeding denotes a medical emergency and typically requires hospital care for primary diagnosis and treatment. The incidence of upper gastrointestinal bleeding is 50-150 individuals per 100,000 annually. Depending on its severity, it carries an estimated mortality risk of 11%.

The causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding are as follows:

Oesophagal causes (gastrorrhagia):

Oesophagal varices
Esophagitis
Oesophagal cancer
Oesophagal ulcers
Mallory-Weiss tear
Gastric causes: 

Gastric ulcer
Gastric cancer
Gastritis
Gastric varices
Gastric antral vascular ectasia
Dieulafoy's lesions

Duodenal causes
Duodenal ulcer
Vascular malformation, including aorto-enteric fistulae
Hematobilia or bleeding from the biliary tree
Hemosuccus pancreaticus or bleeding from the pancreatic duct
Severe superior mesenteric artery syndrome
The signs and symptoms of upper gastrointestinal bleeding are as follows:

Hematemesis - Vomiting of blood
Melena - Blood in the stool
Hematochezia - Passage of fresh blood through the anus, usually in or with stools
Syncope - Loss of consciousness (fainting)
Presyncope - State of lightheadedness, muscular weakness, blurred vision, and feeling faint
Dyspepsia   IndigestionEpigastric painHeartburnDiffuse abdominal pain
Dysphagia - Difficulty in swallowing. Weight lossJaundice - Yellow discolouration of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclera
The diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal bleeding is made when hematemesis is present. In the absence of hematemesis, an upper source of GI bleeding is likely in the presence of at least two factors among - Black stool, age < 50 years or blood urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio 30 or more

If these findings are absent, consider a nasogastric aspirate to determine the source of bleeding. If the aspirate is positive, an upper GI bleed is greater than 50%, but not high enough to be certain. If the aspirate is negative, the source of a GI bleed is likely lower. The accuracy of the aspirate is improved by using the Gastroccult test. Also, the following diagnostic tests are done:

Orthostatic blood pressure
Complete blood count with differential counts
Hemoglobin level
Type and crossmatch blood
Basic metabolic profile, BUN,
Coagulation profile
Serum calcium
Serum gastrin
Endoscopy
Chest radiography
Nasogastric lavageAngiography (if bleeding persists and endoscopy fails to identify a bleeding site)
Upper gastrointestinal bleeding can be managed in the following ways:

Airway management and fluid resuscitation using either intravenous fluids and or blood
Medications to stop the bleeding (Proton-pump inhibitors are often given in the emergency)
Surgical intervention
Treating the consequences (like anaemia) that the bleeding may have caused
Precautions are taken to prevent re-bleeding

What Are The Reasons Behind Ulcer?

Often most couples face difficulty in trying to conceive and are distraught by the fact that they cannot have a child of their own by natural methods. Nowadays, there are countless alternative options for trying couples to find a solution to this pressing issue.

In vitro Fertilization or IVF is a procedure in which the doctor combines the sperm from the man and egg from the woman to develop an embryo in a laboratory. This step is carried out in a test tube and is therefore referred to as a test tube baby.

Afterwards, the embryo will be transferred back into the woman s womb. The in vitro fertilization procedure was advanced in order to help women suffering from dysfunctional fallopian tubes. In a situation where IVF fails to provide help to the concerned couple, surrogacy is suggested.

Procedure of IVF:

The IVF procedure begins with hormone therapy on the female candidate s body. This is done in order to promote the development of eggs within her ovary. The eggs are then collected and put in a test tube for fertilization. This facilitates the production of a number of embryos. After four days in the incubator, one of the embryos will be transferred within the mother s womb for implantation.

What is Surrogacy and How is it Different?

Surrogacy comes as the next obvious step in light of an IVF procedure failing to make the mother pregnant. In this procedure, the eggs are implanted within the womb of another woman who is referred to as the surrogate. The surrogate keeps the baby within her womb for nine months and gives birth to the child.

Compared to an IVF procedure surrogacy is a very complex process where there are a number of legal, emotional and financial factors involved.

Often couples might take the route to surrogacy as the first option after the woman experiences repeated miscarriages when both the partners have been trying for a number of years and have not met with any success. Other reasons for considering surrogacy include Hysterectomy and frail health condition of the woman that makes her prone to further complications and risks.

Basic Difference:

The basic difference between IVF and surrogacy is that in IVF the egg is fertilized outside the body of the woman whereas in surrogacy, the egg is implanted in another woman s womb and she carries the child for nine months.

The Major Differences Between IVF & Surrogacy!

Vitiligo or White patches is medically referred as Leucoderma. It is a disease that causes loss of skin colour resulting in white patches. It can affect the skin on any part of the human body. It occurs when the melanin-forming cells called melanocytes which produce melanin die or stop functioning. The condition is not life threatening or contagious, but it is stressful and makes one feel bad about oneself.

The main sign of vitiligo is loss of skin pigment which produces light or white patches on skin. The discoloration is first visible on sun exposed areas like the hands, feet, arms, face and lips. It can also be coupled with premature greying of hair below the age of mid-thirties, colour loss of retina and inner lining of the mouth.

Vitiligo has no cure, but homeopathic treatment help to stop or slow the process of colour loss and brings back some colour to skin. The failure of melanocytes can be attributed to disorder in which immune system attacks and destroys them. It can also be triggered by sunburn, stress or exposure to industrial chemicals. People with vitiligo are at risk of Social or psychological distress, loss of hearing, sunburn and skin cancer, inflammation of the iris and dry skin.

Homoeopathic treatment enhances the natural production of pigments and Vitiligo is considered as a manifestation of an inner disturbed state of the body. The patient is analysed on mental, physical and familial attributes. The medication is then based the results. Arsenic Sulph Falvus, Arsenic Album, Baryta Mur and Baryta Carb are known to give good results in Vitiligo. Vitiligo is a chronic disorder and it takes a long time even with the best of the homoeopathic treatment.

Calcarea Carb is prescribed to patients of Vitiligo with milky white spots on skin. It is prescribed to free perspiration over the head, neck and chest and persons with intolerance to cold weather.
Arsenic Album is useful remedy for vitiligo in persons prone to dry, rough skin. The skin complaint coupled with asthma is a strong contender for using homeopathic medicine Arsenic Album.
Sepia is prescribed for vitiligo in persons showing unresponsive attitude towards family and life
Silicea is prescribed for vitiligo in patients with pale and waxy skin, tendency to excessive perspiration. If the main mind symptom are timidity and an under-confident nature, then Silicea is a good choice. It is known to work on patients who seem under-confident, fear public speaking.
Sulphur is considered the best for vitiligo treatment as it goes deep inside the basic root cause to exterminate the disease. The persons requiring homeopathic medicine Sulphur show a mind constantly occupied with various theories and plans due to which they suffer from mental fatigue and absent mindedness.

Homeopathic Medicine for Vitiligo or White Patches Treatment

Vitiligo or Leucoderma is a genetic disorder triggered due to mental stress and constipation. Leucoderma or vitiligo is called Shivita kushta according to Ayurveda and is caused due to defect in brajak pitta. Brajak pitta is a color forming agent in body and defect in formation of brajak pitta causes vitiligo. There are many causes, which can trigger vitiligo other than stress and genetics.

There are certain food combinations , such as taking milk and sour fruits together can trigger vitiligo. Also, using excessive salty food and meat products with milk can trigger disease. Deficiency of copper and vitamin B12 can trigger this disease. So treatment of vitiligo is done taking in account many factors.

Toxins produced in body are neutralized using herbal medicines, which helps in stopping the spread of disease. External herbal application containing Wrightia Tinctoria help in repigmentation on white skin. According to modern science steroids are used in pulse therapy where steroids are used 2 times a week.

This also prevents the disease from spreading. In some severe cases integration of allopathic and Ayurveda is key to success.

There are few important points, which vitiligo patients should always take in account, such as:
When disease is spreading sitting in sun for prolonged period can trigger the spread.
Using Brinjal and raw tomatoes and excess of vitamin C is not good.
Irregular lifestyle is a trigger the disease along with consumption of alcohol.

All About Vitiligo

ADHD i.e. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a mental disorder that is commonly characterised by attention problems, excessive activity or difficulty in controlling one s inappropriate behaviour, given his/her age. If ADHD occurs in an adult, the person might face significant issues in maintaining a job, managing time or being in a relationship.

In spite of being the most regularly studied and analysed mental issue in kids and teenagers, the cause, in most of the cases, remains unknown. The symptoms of ADHD might develop as one gets old. Apart from the common symptoms, the person might show signs typical to ADHD such as hyperactivity, inattention, impulsivity and disruptive behaviour as well as relationships and academic difficulties. The symptoms of ADHD need to last for about six months to be diagnosed as a disorder.

The typical management methods of ADHD include counselling or medicines, either used separately or in combination.

Behavioural Therapies: Some of the psychological therapies used are:
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT): Focuses on changing the thinking patterns of a person that ultimately alters the way he/she generally feels
Interpersonal Psychotherapy: IPT is a focused form of psychotherapy that involves symptomatic recovery and resolving interpersonal problems.
Social Skills Training
Family Therapy: Focuses on providing therapy to the individual as well as the family
School-Based Interventions
Parent Management Training
Medication: Stimulant medications are the more preferred forms of medications for ADHD. They have short-term effects on the symptoms of ADHD. One such example is that of Methylphenidate. Non stimulant medicines are administered for people who indulge in compulsive or recreational stimulant use. Examples include atomoxetine, guanfacine, bupropion and clonidine. Although these medications are usually safe, over dosage can cause side-effects and contraindications.
Diet: Modification in diet can prove beneficial for children suffering from ADHD. The benefits are usually confined to children having food sensitivities or those who are being medicated using ADHD medicines simultaneously.

ADHD - Best Amazing Ways It Can Be Managed!

Are you suffering from sleeplessness or disturbed and disrupted sleep? According to Ayurvedic principles, proper sleep, along with a proper diet, and a proper utilization of energy is very important for you to maintain good health. There are several practical Ayurvedic health principles, which can help you sleep better, and boost your body immunity. You can opt to follow these Ayurvedic principles for improving your sleep.

Maintain a disciplined sleep schedule: You must be very disciplined about your sleep. It has been observed that the mind is stable, dull, and slow from 6pm to 10pm, which is a good time for going to sleep Therefore, try to sleep early, which will enable you to get a good sleep throughout the night, and get up fresh early in the morning next day.
Mindful eating: You should have an early dinner, between 6:30pm to 7pm. As the sun starts setting, your digestive fire cools down. Hence, by eating a light early meal, your digestion will be improved. This positively impacts your sleep quality as well. Avoid watching television, reading books, or having conversations while you eat. You should concentrate solely on the food you eat and enjoy the various textures, aromas, and flavors of it.
Oil massage: Oil massage therapy is considered to be very important according to Ayurveda. Oil massages on your feet will help in improving your sleep. There are several nerve endings present in your feet, which get nourished by an oil massage. Massaging relieves stress, makes you feel relaxed, improves your blood circulation, and improves your sleep as a result of all this. You should keep herbal oils with you and get regular foot massages.
Pranayama: Pranayama is important according to Ayurvedic principles for improving the quality of your sleep. Every day, you should practice a few rounds of alternate nostril breathing known as Nadi Shodhana Pranayama. This is excellent for your mind and helps in calming down your nervous system. As a result, you get a better and deeper sleep.
Practice self compassion: Ayurveda states that your wellness and health depends largely on a proper balance between the mind, body, and soul. Some people make us feel charged up and positive after talking to them, while some people drain us emotionally and leave us annoyed. You should avoid the negative vibes and stay in a positive environment. Be mindful about who you speak to before going to sleep. It is recommended that you turn off your cell phone, computer, television, and social media activity at least two hours before going to sleep.
Exercise regularly in order to keep fit and physically healthy, as a healthy body leads to a healthy mind. This is essential for an improved sleep. Also avoid consuming caffeine, and any form of stimulant, especially after 3pm.

Ayurveda - 5 Ways It Can Help You Sleep Better!

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