Abnormal Condition Of The Lip
Bloody stool, frequent urge for stool but less volume is evacuated each time. 2 days duration. Has previous history of b ...
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Blood in the stool can be frightening, whether you discover it while wiping after a bowel movement or from a test ordered by your health care provider. While blood in stool can signal a serious problem, it doesn't always. Here's what you need to know about the possible causes of bloody stools and what you -- and your doctor -- should do if you discover a problem. Causes of blood in stool blood in the stool means there is bleeding somewhere in your digestive tract. Sometimes the amount of blood is so small that it can only be detected by a fecal occult test (which checks for hidden blood in the stool). At other times it may visible on toilet tissue or in the toilet after a bowel movement as bright red blood. Bleeding that happens higher up in the digestive tract may make stool appear black and tarry. Possible causes of blood in stool include: diverticular disease. Diverticula are small pouches that project from the colon wall. Usually diverticula don't cause problems, but sometimes they can bleed or become infected. Anal fissure. A small cut or tear in the tissue lining the anus similar to the cracks that occur in chapped lips or a paper cut. Fissures are often caused by passing a large, hard stool and can be painful. Colitis. Inflammation of the colon. Among the more common causes are infections or inflammatory bowel disease. Angiodysplasia. A condition in which fragile, abnormal blood vessels lead to bleeding. Peptic ulcers. An open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, the upper end of the small intestine. Many peptic ulcers are caused by infection with a bacterium called helicobacter pylori (h. Pylori). Long-term use or high doses of anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen can also cause ulcers. Polyps or cancer. Polyps are benign growths that can grow, bleed, and become cancerous. Colorectal cancer is the fourth most common cancer in the u. S. It often causes bleeding that is not noticeable with the naked eye. Esophageal problems. Varicose veins of the esophagus or tears in the esophagus can lead to severe blood loss. Blood in stool diagnosis it is important to have a doctor evaluate any bleeding in the stool. Any details you can give about the bleeding will help your doctor locate the site of bleeding. For example, a black, tarry stool is likely an ulcer or other problem in the upper part of the digestive tract. Bright red blood or maroon-colored stools usually indicate a problem in the lower part of the digestive tract such as hemorrhoids or diverticulitis. After getting a medical history and doing a physical exam, the health care provider may order tests to determine the cause of bleeding. Tests may include: nasogastric lavage. A test that may tell your doctor whether bleeding is in the upper or lower digestive tract. The procedure involves removing the contents of the stomach through a tube inserted into the stomach through the nose. If the stomach does not contain evidence of blood, the bleeding may have stopped or is more likely in the lower digestive tract. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (egd). A procedure that involves inserting an endoscope, or flexible tube with a small camera on the end, through the mouth and down the esophagus to the stomach and duodenum. The doctor can use this to look for the source of bleeding. Endoscopy can also be used to collect small tissue samples for examination under a microscope (biopsy). Colonoscopy. A procedure similar to an egd except that the scope is inserted through the rectum to view the colon. As with an egd, colonoscopy can be used to collect tissue samples to biopsy. Enteroscopy. A procedure similar to egd and colonoscopy used to examine the small intestine. In some cases this involves swallowing a capsule with a tiny camera inside that transmits images to video monitor as it passes through the digestive tract. Barium x-ray. A procedure that uses a contrast material called barium to make the digestive tract show up on an x-ray. The barium may either be swallowed or inserted into the rectum. Radionuclide scanning. A procedure that involves injecting small amounts of radioactive material into a vein and then using a special camera to see images of blood flow in the digestive tract to detect where bleeding is happening. Angiography. A procedure that involves injecting a special dye into a vein that makes blood vessels visible on an x-ray or computerized tomography (ct) scan. The procedure detects bleeding as dye leaks out of blood vessels at the bleeding site. Laparotomy. A surgical procedure in which the doctor opens and examines the abdomen. This may be necessary if other tests fail to find the cause of bleeding. Health care providers also order lab tests when there is blood in stools. These tests may look for clotting problems, anemia, and the presence of h. Pylori infection. Associated symptoms a person with blood in the stool may be unaware of bleeding and might have reported no symptoms. On the other hand, they may also have abdominal pain, vomiting, weakness, difficulty breathing, diarrhea, palpitations, fainting, and weight loss depending on the cause, location, length, and severity of the bleeding. Depending on the cause, however, treatment may involve simple things you can do on your own. These including eating a high-fiber diet to relieve constipation that can cause and aggravate hemorrhoids and anal fissures, and sitting in warm or hot baths to relieve fissures.
How to differentiate whether low sugar or high sugar? What precautions to be taken? What are the remedies? ...
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One has to check blood sugar to find out if he or she has low or high sugar. If a person has been diagnosed to have diabetes, means his blood sugar is higher than normal. High blood sugar can only be detected by testing the blood, because it hardly produces any specific symptoms unless the levels have really gone very high. Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) can occur in a patient on treatment for diabetes, who may had not taken adequate food, or there may be delay in taking food after taking tablets or insulin or dose may have been high. This causes drop in blood sugar. When it goes below 6o to 70 mg/100 ml, the person starts feeling uneasy, may get blurred vision, feeling of weakness, shivering, sweating, giddiness, hungry and at times black out. For treating high sugar one has to take anti diabetes drugs. To treat hypoglycemia one should be given glucose immediately.
What are the symptoms of mouth cancer what types of precautions and medicine should be taken? ...
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Oral cancer symptoms Some of the most common oral cancer symptoms and signs include: •Persistent mouth sore: A sore in the mouth that does not heal is the most common symptom of oral cancer •Pain: Persistent mouth pain is another common oral cancer sign •A lump or thickening in the cheek •A white or red patch on the gums, tongue, tonsil, or lining of the mouth •A sore throat or feeling that something is caught in the throat that does not go away •Difficulty swallowing or chewing •Difficulty moving the jaw or tongue •Numbness of the tongue or elsewhere in the mouth •Jaw swelling that makes dentures hurt or fit poorly •Loosening of the teeth •Pain in the teeth or jaw ••Voice changes •A lump in the neck •Weight loss •Persistent bad breath If any of these oral cancer symptoms or signs are present for days or weeks, your doctor may recommend tests to check for oral cancer. As with any cancer, having your cancer diagnosed as soon as possible will help ensure that any treatment is as effective as possible. Screening for oral cancer Although routine screening for oral cancer is not typically recommended, several tests can be done if any of the symptoms of this disease are present and do not go away. Oral cancer risk factors GENERAL •Gender: Oral cancer and oropharyngeal cancer are twice as common in men as in women. This difference may be related to the use of alcohol and tobacco, a major oral cancer risk factor that is seen more commonly in men than women. According to the American Cancer Society, the gender difference is decreasing among oral cancer patients as more women are using tobacco and drinking. •Age: The average age at diagnosis for oral cancer is 62, and two-thirds of individuals with this disease are over age 55. •Ultraviolet light: Cancers of the lip are more common among people who work outdoors or others with prolonged exposure to sunlight. Poor nutrition: Studies have found a link between diets low in fruits and vegetables and an increased oropharynx and oral cancer risk. GENETICS •Genetic syndromes: Some inherited genetic mutations, which cause different syndromes in the body, carry a high risk of oral and oropharyngeal cancer. These include: •Fanconi anemia: This blood condition is caused by inherited abnormalities in several genes. Problems can begin at an early age and often lead to leukemia or aplastic anemia. The risk of oral cancer among people with Fanconi anemia is up to 500 times higher than among the general population. •Dyskeratosis congenita: This genetically linked syndrome can also cause aplastic anemia, and carries a very high risk of mouth and throat cancer occurring at an early age. LIFESTYLE •Tobacco use: About 80% of people with oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers use tobacco in the form of cigarettes, chewing tobacco or snuff. The risk of developing oral cancer depends on the duration and frequency of tobacco use. Smoking can lead to cancer in the mouth or throat, and oral tobacco products are associated with cancer in the cheeks, gums, and inner surface of the lips. •Alcohol: About 70% of people diagnosed with oral cancer are heavy drinkers. This risk is higher for people who use both alcohol and tobacco. For people who smoke and drink heavily, the risk of oral cancer may be as high as 100% more than the risk for people who do not smoke or drink. •Betel quid: Many people in Southeast Asia, South Asia, and others parts of the world chew betel quid, a leaf from the betel plant wrapped around areca nut and lime. Chewing gutka, a combination of betel quid and tobacco, is also common. Both of these substances are associated with an increased oral cancer risks. OTHER CONDITIONS •Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection: Human papilloma viruses, or HPV, include about 100 similar viruses. Many HPVs cause warts, but some are involved in cancer. Most noteworthy, HPV is tied to the development of cervical cancer. HPV is also a risk factor for oral and oropharyngeal cancers. About 25 percent of patients with these cancers are infected with the same HPVs as are seen in with cervical cancer. In particular, there is a strong link between HPV-16 and oropharyngeal cancer. HPV appears to be a more serious risk factor for oropharyngeal cancer than for oral cavity cancers. People with oral cancers linked to HPV tend to not be smokers or drinkers, and usually have a good prognosis. Typically, HPV infections in the mouth and throat do not produce any symptoms, and only a small percentage of these infections develop into cancer. Read about the recent increase in HPV-related cancers. •Immune system suppression: Taking drugs that suppress the immune system, such as those used to prevent rejection of a transplant organ or to treat certain immune diseases, may increase the risk of oral cancer. •Lichen planus: People with a severe case of this illness, which usually causes an itchy rash but sometimes appears as white lines or spots in the mouth and throat, may have a higher risk of oral cancer. Lichen planus usually affects middle-aged people. •Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD): This condition can occur after a stem-cell transplant, in which bone marrow is replaced following cancer occurrence or treatment. The new stem cells may have an immune response against the patient’s own cells, and tissues in the body may be destroyed as a result. GVHD increases the likelihood of oral cancer, which can develop as soon as 2 years later. UNPROVEN RISK FACTORS In recent years, concern has been raised about some products heightening the risk of oral cancer. These concerns are controversial and have not yet been proven in scientific studies. The products some believe to increase cancer risk factors include: Mouthwash: Some studies have shown a link between mouthwash that is high in alcohol content and the risk of oral and oropharyngeal cancer. However, other research has raised doubts about this concern. The frequent use of mouthwash by people who smoke and drink—two confirmed risk factors for oral cancer—makes it difficult to establish a clear link between mouthwash and oral cancer. •Irritation from dentures: Poorly fitting dentures that cause long-term irritation of the mouth lining have also been a point of concern regarding oral cancer risk. This link has not been confirmed in several studies. However, loose dentures may trap substances that are known to cause oral cancer, such as alcohol and tobacco. Individuals who wear dentures should be sure to have their fit checked by a dentist regularly, remove them at night, and clean and rinse them thoroughly each day.
I am 25 years old and I want to know about nicotine patches everything about it dosage and consumption. ...
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Nicotine patch is used for: Helping you to quit smoking. Nicotine patch is a smoking deterrent. It works by providing low levels of nicotine, which may help you to quit smoking by lessening the physical signs of withdrawal symptoms. Do NOT use nicotine patch if: • you are allergic to any ingredient in nicotine patch Contact your doctor or health care provider right away if any of these apply to you. Before using nicotine patch: Some medical conditions may interact with nicotine patch. Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you have any medical conditions, especially if any of the following apply to you: • if you are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding • if you are taking any prescription or nonprescription medicine, herbal preparation, or dietary supplement • if you have allergies to medicines, foods, or other substances (including adhesive tape) • if you have skin problems at the application site • if you have heart problems, irregular heartbeat, or if you have had a recent heart attack • if you have high blood pressure • you continue to smoke, chew tobacco, use snuff, or use any other nicotine-containing products (eg, nicotine gum) • if you take medicine for asthma or depression, or if you are using another medicine to stop smoking Some MEDICINES MAY INTERACT with nicotine patch. Tell your health care provider if you are taking any other medicines. Ask your health care provider if nicotine patch may interact with other medicines that you take. Check with your health care provider before you start, stop, or change the dose of any medicine. How to use nicotine patch: Use nicotine patch as directed by your doctor. Check the label on the medicine for exact dosing instructions. • An extra patient leaflet is available with nicotine patch. Talk to your pharmacist if you have questions about this information. • Do not apply to skin that is oily, burned, irritated, or damaged in any way. • Remove backing from patch and immediately press onto a clean, dry, hairless part of your upper arm or hip. Press firmly and count to 10 to be sure it sticks well. • Wash your hands after applying or removing the patch. • Apply a new patch at the same time each day. Be sure to use a different skin site to avoid skin irritation. • Do not cut the patch in half or into smaller pieces. • Do not wear more than 1 patch at a time. • Wear each patch for 16 to 24 hours. Do not leave the patch on for more than 24 hours because it may irritate your skin and lose its strength. • After removing the used patch, fold it in half with the sticky sides together. Discard the patch out of the reach of children and away from pets. • If you miss a dose of nicotine patch, use it as soon as possible. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule. Do not use 2 doses at once. Ask your health care provider any questions you may have about how to use nicotine patch. Important safety information: • Nicotine patch comes in different strengths. Talk to your doctor about which strength is right for you. • Do NOT use more than the recommended dose or use for longer than 10 weeks without checking with your doctor. If you feel the need to take nicotine patch after 10 weeks, check with your doctor. • If you begin to have vivid dreams or other sleeping problems, remove the patch at bedtime (after wearing it for about 16 hours). Put on a new patch when you wake up the next day. • Avoid getting nicotine patch in your eyes. If you get nicotine patch in your eyes, wash them out immediately with cool tap water. • Do not smoke or use tobacco products while you are using nicotine patch. This includes times when you are not wearing the patch. • Nicotine patch should be used as part of a larger program to help you stop smoking. If you need help choosing a program, talk with your health care provider. • Tell your doctor, dentist, or other health care provider that you use nicotine patch before you receive any medical or dental care, emergency care, or surgery. • If you will be having a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), tell your doctor that you use nicotine patch. You may need to remove the patch before having the MRI. • Nicotine patch may cause harm if it is swallowed. If you, a child, or a pet may have taken it by mouth, contact your poison control center or emergency room right away. • Use nicotine patch with caution in the ELDERLY; they may be more sensitive to its effects. • Nicotine patch should not be used in CHILDREN younger than 18 years old without first checking with the child's doctor; safety and effectiveness in these children have not been confirmed. • PREGNANCY and BREAST-FEEDING: Nicotine patch may cause harm to the fetus. If you think you may be pregnant, contact your doctor. You will need to discuss the benefits and risks of using nicotine patch while you are pregnant. Nicotine patch is found in breast milk. If you are or will be breast-feeding while you use nicotine patch, check with your doctor. Discuss any possible risks to your baby. When used for longer than a few weeks or at high doses, some people develop a need to continue taking nicotine patch. This is known as DEPENDENCE or addiction. Do not suddenly stop taking nicotine patch without your doctor's approval. If you do, you may have WITHDRAWAL symptoms. These may include anxiety, craving, impaired concentration, increased appetite, irritability, nervousness, sleep disturbances, and weight gain. Possible side effects of nicotine patch: All medicines may cause side effects, but many people have no, or minor, side effects. Check with your doctor if any of these most COMMON side effects persist or become bothersome: Abnormal or vivid dreams; mild redness, itching, or burning at the application site; trouble sleeping. Seek medical attention right away if any of these SEVERE side effects occur: Severe allergic reactions (rash; hives; itching; difficulty breathing; tightness in the chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue); blurred vision; fast or irregular heartbeat; nausea; severe or persistent dizziness or headache; swelling or persistent (more than 4 days) redness at the application site; vomiting; weakness. This is not a complete list of all side effects that may occur. If you have questions about side effects, contact your health care provider. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. To report side effects to the appropriate agency, please read the Guide to Reporting Problems to FDA. General information: • If you have any questions about nicotine patch, please talk with your doctor, pharmacist, or other health care provider. • Nicotine patch is to be used only by the patient for whom it is prescribed. Do not share it with other people. • If your symptoms do not improve or if they become worse, check with your doctor. • Check with your pharmacist about how to dispose of unused medicine. This information should not be used to decide whether or not to take nicotine patch or any other medicine. Only your health care provider has the knowledge and training to decide which medicines are right for you. This information does not endorse any medicine as safe, effective, or approved for treating any patient or health condition. This is only a brief summary of general information about nicotine patch. It does NOT include all information about the possible uses, directions, warnings, precautions, interactions, adverse effects, or risks that may apply to nicotine patch. This information is not specific medical advice and does not replace information you receive from your health care provider. You must talk with your health care provider for complete information about the risks and benefits of using nicotine patch. Disclaimer: This information should not be used to decide whether or not to take this medicine or any other medicine. Only your health care provider has the knowledge and training to decide which medicines are right for you. This information does not endorse any medicine as safe, effective, or approved for treating any patient or health condition. This is only a brief summary of general information about this medicine. It does NOT include all information about the possible uses, directions, warnings, precautions, interactions, adverse effects, or risks that may apply to this medicine. This information is not specific medical advice and does not replace information you receive from your health care provider. You must talk with your healthcare provider for complete information about the risks and benefits of using this medicine.
