Dr. Anil Kumar Gulia

The kidneys are the main excretory organs of the body and are responsible for removing all mineral wastes from the body. This high concentration of minerals predisposes them to form stones- which are small crystals of various minerals they are exposed to. The entire urinary tract starting from the kidneys, the ureters, and the bladder are at risk of developing stones. The risk is higher in people who do not drink enough water, as the minerals are not able to be cleared out.
 

Depending on the location, stones are named

1. Renal: These are formed in the body of the kidneys.
2. Ureteric: The urine passes from the kidney to the ureter through the ureters and can form stones, leading to blockage also
3. Bladder: When the urine is stored in the bladder for a while, the chances of forming stones are quite high.

Symptoms

• Pain that is sharp, shooting pain on either side of the spine.
• There could be fever, vomiting, etc., but the pain is very indicative.

Management

• Stones less than 4 mm usually pass on their own
• Larger ones may require shock waves from an external source which breaks it into smaller ones, which are then eliminated.

Immediate treatment

• Intravenous injections of pain relievers; repeat if required.
• Antiemetics to control nausea and vomiting
• Watch for an hour for improved symptoms
• Send the patient home with these prescriptions for continued use
• Increased amount of water consumption (up to 3 liters per day), until the urine is almost colorless
• Strain the urine to check if the stone is passed, this is done.

If the patient presents with the following symptoms, immediate admission may be required:

• Persisting symptoms after an hour of treatment
• Pregnancy
• Persistently high fever (about 104) with severe shakes and/or chills
• People on dialysis and/or renal failure
• Elderly (greater than 60 year olds)
• Severe dehydration and/or vomiting

Larger kidney stones (>4 mm) are managed as below.

• Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL): This common treatment uses shock waves from an external source which breaks down the stones. The smaller ones easily pass through the urine.
• Ureteroscopy: In ureteroscopy, a endoscope is passed through urethra to the ureters.
• Open surgery: If the above measures are not feasible, open surgery may be the last option. This is very rarely used though.

Prevention of kidney stones

• Drink adequate amounts of water, at least 2 liters per day
• Cut down oxalate rich foods like beet, nuts, okra, spinach, etc.
• Reduce sodium and animal protein
• Continue calcium as always. If you wish to discuss about any specific problem, you can consult a Urologist.

Causes and symptoms of acute tubular necrosis

Damage or destruction to tube-like structures known as tubules in the kidneys can bring about the development of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) and subsequently, acute kidney failure.

What causes acute tubular necrosis (ATN)?

A lack of supply of oxygen to the cells in the kidney is the most common cause of this condition. The reason as to why oxygen may not reach the cells and tissues of this organ could be restriction or blockage of the pathways. When this happens, the kidneys get damaged. Dehydration is the most important cause of ATN which may be because of loose motions, vomitings, heat stroke etc.

Health conditions such as diabetes, heart attack, and stroke can bring about a decrease in blood flow to the organs resulting in ATN and death of cells. Similarly, the presence of toxic substances in the blood can also lead to tubules damage and change the way the cells function in the tubules.

Other causes that may lead you to develop ATN may be medications, radiology dyes, anesthetics and chemicals that cause your body to react adversely.

In addition to these causes, a number of factors can put you at risk of ATN and there are:

- An injury to the body, more specifically your kidneys can cause clotting of the blood vessels
- An adverse response to blood transfusion
- Instances of septic shock can slow down blood flow to the organs
- A major surgery that can interrupt blood supply to the organs

What are the symptoms of the condition?

The symptoms associated with the condition can vary depending on the severity of the problem.

You may experience:

- Troubles in waking up
- Drowsy feeling even during daytime
- Feelings of lethargy
- Feelings of excessive thirstiness
- Problems with urination
- Fluid retention problems
- Instances of confusion
- Feelings of nausea

'Consult'.

Related Tip: 3 Causes of Acute Kidney Failure