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The urinary bladder is a hollow purse like storage organ which collects urine from the kidneys and stores it until it can be passed out of the body through the urethra during the process of micturition or urination. It has a thin inner lining of cells called urothelial cells and a thick muscular wall, which exerts pressure to push the urine out of the body. 

Causes of Bladder Tumors

In most cases, the bladder tumor develops on the inner layer due to a combination of some of the following factors.

1. Hereditary: A strong family history of cancer predisposes a person to cancer.
2. Gender: Men are 3 times more prone for bladder cancer than women. 
3. Ethnicity: White people are more prone for bladder cancer black people. 
4. Smoking / Tobacco use: Smokers develop bladder cancer 2-6 times more frequently than non-smokers. Tobacco contain toxic, carcinogenic substances which reach the kidney and are stored in the bladder, leading to cancerous changes in bladder.
5. Occupational hazards: Some workplaces have a higher likelihood of causing bladder cancers, especially dye and rubber industries. The effects can be damaging, and the person may develop cancers years after the exposure has happened.
6. Recurrent bladder infections: In some people, this can also lead to bladder cancer in the long run. 

Types of Bladder Tumor Depending on the extent of the cancerous spread, it can be of two types: 

1. Non-muscle-invasive bladder tumors: The tumor spread is limited to the inner part of the bladder (urothelial cells)
2. Muscle-invasive bladder tumor: The tumor has spread to the thick muscular outer layer. 

This is more advanced and prognosis is poor compared to the noninvasive type. The most common and diagnostic symptom of bladder cancer is the presence of blood in the urine without pain in abdomen, known as painless hematuria. This is usually intermittent and stops on its own. Therefore any person who is more than 40 year old, has blood in urine, must be checked to rule out bladder tumor. If you miss these early warning symptoms by just thinking simple infection, you may miss the tumor and will be diagnosed later when tumor is advanced. Other symptoms include pain in the lower abdomen and frequent urination. 

Diagnosis 

From the most non-invasive to the most invasive diagnostic test, these include:

1. Urine microscopy and cytology to detect blood and cancer cells in the urine 
2. Ultrasound and CT Scan can define the bladder tumor, its size and spread. 
3. Cystoscopy and biopsy is when a is tube inserted into the urethra to look into the inner wall of the bladder and biopsy is taken from lesion. It is highly diagnostic and confirmatory. 

Treatment TURBT

Once the tumor is diagnosed, first step of the treatment is endoscopic surgery known as transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT). The cancerous bladder lesion is resected and removed through a cystoscope. Muscle tissue from the base of tumor is also resected to check the spread of tumor in the muscle. The bladder is then flushed with chemotherapy agent to kill any residual cancer cells in the bladder.

• Intravesical BCG Therapy: If muscle is not involved with tumor, this is called superficial tumor. As there is high chance that this tumor may recur or progress, bladder is treated with BCG injection therapy repeatedly for at least 6 weeks to many months. Check cystoscopy is usually done thereafter to check for any recurrence at frequent intervals.
• Radical Cystectomy with Ileal conduit or Neo-Bladder: If tumor is involving muscle layer of bladder then whole urinary bladder is removed surgically and urine passage is made at abdominal wall using part of intestine called Ileal conduit. Patient has to wear a bag on abdomen to urine collection and discharge. Now-a-days, artificial bladder is made by patients own intestine which functions like normal bladder and patient passes urine per urethra.
• Radical Radiotherapy: This is also an alternative treatment for muscle invasive bladder cancer where bladder is preserved and treated by radiotherapy. Repeated check cystoscopy is required thereafter to check for recurrence.
• Chemotherpy: If tumor has advanced to lymph nodes and other body organs, then treatment is chemotherapy where anticancer drugs are injected into veins. In Summary, Bladder cancer is usually caused by Tobacco consumption. Blood in urine even if it stops on its own or by medications, in person over 40 years of age must be evaluated for bladder cancer. In early stage it can be treated by cystoscopy. If it involved muscle, bladder is removed and neo-bladder is made.

In case you have a concern or query you can always consult an expert & get answers to your questions!

Never use potent steroids cream like Betnovate,Lobate,quadriderm,panderm,fourderm,for any skin problem on any part of body because after initial improvement of symptoms like itching, these steroid creams will aggravate the problem and may cause long lasting and somtimes permanent side effects like rashes, sensitive skin, recurrent infection,acne , dryness stretch mark etc.

Pityriasis amiantacea is a disorder of the scalp. Some of the visible signs of this condition include adherent, silver, thick scales. The scales resemble the color of the asbestos and often surrounds the tufts of hair. While the condition is manageable, care should be taken to manage this condition right from its inception. Here is a brief overview of this scalp condition.

Origin of Pityriasis Amiantacea:
Pityriasis Amiantacea is inflammatory in nature. It comes from the seborrheic and psoriasis dermatitis spectrum. Experts are of the view that this condition is a result of the exaggerated response of the body to a primary condition of the scalp. Earlier studies have suggested that there is a possibility that Pityriasis Amiantacea may have originated from lichen planus, pyogenic infection and superficial fungal. In most of the cases, it has been witnessed that fungus has a close relation to this condition.

Exposure of Pityriasis Amiantacea and its diagnosis:
This condition has low exposure among females. It is mostly observed among, young adults, children, and adolescents. The diagnosis is done clinically. A specialist might prescribe dermoscopy to rule out other conditions of the scalp. If the result is positive, the scaling will reveal a diffused yellowish or whitish pattern. While the condition is local, it has all the possibilities to spread to other hairy parts of the body. Some experts are of the view that Pityriasis Amiantacea has a close association with temporary alopecia. While histopathology is not prescribed by most doctors, however, biopsy of the scalp is suggested in many cases.

Does Pityriasis Amiantacea result in hair loss?
The answer is yes. As a result of the scaly crust, the encased hair tends to fall. This being said, it is entirely a reversible condition. The hair comes back in 9 out of 10 cases. Medical ointments and antibiotic shampoo can help to grow back the lost hair. Apart from this, home-made protein solutions can help in the regeneration of the hair and get back the original color of the hair.

Treatment options:
This is a treatable condition that might take some time for a complete cure. It involves the keratolytic and tropical anti-inflammatory treatment. This is accompanied with salicylic ointment and topical corticosteroids. A tropical mineral oil is often prescribed by doctors to ensure that the adherent scales are removed. Some doctors might also suggest a clobetasol propionate shampoo. Even ketoconazole and silver sulfadiazine is helpful to get rid of the scales. If in case the infection is accompanied with Staphylococcus aureus, antibiotics are prescribed to ensure that the condition does not turn from bad to worse. Systematic therapies are suggested if this condition is accompanied by an underlying condition such as psoriasis. In case you have a concern or query you can always consult an expert & get answers to your questions!

There are four types of protein contact dermatitis: animal, proteolytic enzymes, plant, and flour. The risk factors for this include protein allergens, atopy, and chronic dermatitis. There have been several theories proposed for protein contact dermatitis. Many Scientists are of the view that this occurs due to type 1 hypersensitivity.

Some are of the view that this results from type 1 and type 4 hypersensitivity reactions. Many also believe that this results due to a mediated immunoglobulin E hypersensitivity reaction. All the above three theories have been backed by enough proofs to support the model. No particular sexual or racial predilection is known for this infection. People can get affected with protein contact dermatitis at any age.

Proteins responsible for protein contact dermatitis:
There are four segments of proteins that can result in protein contact dermatitis.

1. The first segment involves spices, fruits, plants, and vegetables. This is most commonly found in food vendors, gardeners, caterers etc. The source of protein comes from mugwort, asparagus, carrot, soy, peach, bean, apple and peanut.
2. The second segment belongs to animal proteins and the possible victims are butchers, farmers, cooks and veterinarians. People who come in contact with the intestine of animals are more likely to get this disease. The source of protein comes from cow dander, blood, squid, worms, egg yolk, maggots, worms and meats.
3. The third segment of protein contact dermatitis is very common among bakers. A form of dermatitis is observed. This being flour-associated proteins, the common culprits are rye and wheat. It is necessary to stay from the latter in order to avoid it.
4. The fourth segment results from protein associated with a proteolytic enzyme. This form of protein contact dermatitis is mostly visible among workers of an enzyme factory, bakers, workers of a pharmaceutical company, soap factory workers etc. Patients mostly suffer from respiratory symptoms in this segment. Certain enzymes that are responsible for this segment of protein contact dermatitis include lactase, amylase, and glucoamylase.

Symptoms and diagnosis:
Protein contact dermatitis shows symptoms such as lichenification, erythematous papules, and dermatitis affecting the forearms. At times the fingertips get affected too. A doctor might prescribe a patch test followed by prick and scratch test. Other tests involve a fungal test, open application testing, radioallergosorbent testing, image studies, and biopsy.

The key to avoiding protein contact dermatitis is to stay away from the protein causing the disease. For short-term reliefs, a doctor can prescribe corticosteroids and antihistamines. A patient might have to get admitted to a hospital if the severity level of the disease is so much that the patient is suffering from gastrointestinal distress and angioedema. Medication involves oral dosage of antihistamines and clobetasol propionate.

Protein contact dermatitis (PCD) is an allergic skin reaction caused by proteins of either animal or plant origin. Four types of proteins can cause PCD: plant, animal, flour, and proteolytic chemicals. The risk factors for the improvement of PCD include a family history or general history of atopy, irritant dermatitis, an occupation or side interest, including exposure to one of these protein allergen agents. In PCD, avoiding these particular allergens is very important in order to avoid the reaction. Symptomatic help and relief might be found with transient corticosteroids, immunomodulatory operators, or antihistamines. Inpatient care might be important for PCD patients if the allergy is severe to the point that patients cannot take care of themselves or in the rare case that they encounter angioedema or extreme gastrointestinal problems.

Some short-term treatments may include high-power topical corticosteroids, for example, clobetasol propionate, to diminish the irritation and swelling. Topical tacrolimus 1% ointment might be a decent long-term solution for the allergies. Oral antihistamines might be prescribed also if highly serious allergy takes place. To enhance and improve the treatment of this condition, the initial steps are to recognise and maintain a strategic distance from the dependable allergen. PCD is a chronic procedure that tends to have phases of change during holidays and crumbles when you go back to work.

It is recommended that the patients should wear plastic gloves and try to avoid rubber ones because of the danger of building up a PCD or unfavourably allergic contact dermatitis in addition to this already existing problem. In specific cases, change of patient's occupation is the main compelling measure to understand and manage this skin condition. This is done so that one can determine what element is causing the allergies to take place. Sometimes, certain products are to be avoided so as to determine which out of the daily routine products might be an allergen.

PCD does not necessarily have to end up in a chronic state. Avoiding the causative material more often than not prompts fast mending of the problem. In extreme cases, corticosteroid creams or treatments accelerate the recovery procedure. Symptomatic alleviation might be provided with transient corticosteroids, immunomodulatory specialists, or antihistamines.

Hence, in conditions like protein contact dermatitis, the allergy could also develop in the later stages of life. It is not necessary that the patient be allergic to certain types of foods from their very birth. With changing body schematics, it is possible that the allergy could be developed in later stages of life. Therefore, it is important to keep an eye out for when the allergy occurred so that it is easier for you to determine the allergen behind it. If you wish to discuss about any specific problem, you can consult a Dermatologist.