Cotrimoxazole Tablet
Cotrimoxazole Tablet is used for the control, treatment and prevention of conditions such as urinary tract infections, bacterial infections, and urinary tract bacterial infections. It works by preventing bacterial synthesis, thus slowing down the growth and reproduction of bacteria, ultimately killing them, and preventing the infection from spreading.
Do not use Cotrimoxazole Tablet if you are allergic to any of the ingredients present in it. Before using Cotrimoxazole Tablet tell your doctor if you are using any prescription drugs, non-prescription drugs, or other herbal and dietary pills and supplements, if you are pregnant and/or breastfeeding, or if you have any upcoming surgeries. Also let your doctor know your history of medical problems, pre-existing diseases and current health conditions.
Cotrimoxazole Tablet should be taken in doses prescribed by the doctor. Dosage depends on conditions such as medical condition, diet, age, and counteraction with other medicines.
Possible side effects of Cotrimoxazole Tablet include gastrointestinal disturbances, aplastic anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, Stevens-johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis. If you experience side effects other than the ones listed above, you need to contact your doctor for immediate medical assistance.
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There is positive evidence of human fetal risk, but the benefits from use in pregnant women may be acceptable despite the risk, for example in life-threatening situations. Please consult your doctor.
Lybrate is a medium to provide our audience with the common information on medicines and does not guarantee its accuracy or exhaustiveness. Even if there is no mention of a warning for any drug or combination, it never means that we are claiming that the drug or combination is safe for consumption without any proper consultation with an expert.
Lybrate does not take responsibility for any aspect of medicines or treatments. If you have any doubts about your medication, we strongly recommend you to see a doctor immediately.
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Vaginal discharge is a normal physiological phenomenon, in which the consistency of vaginal discharge varies throughout the cycle. Healthy vaginal discharge is clear or white in colour, with normal and non-offensive odour. Sometimes right before menstruation, your vaginal discharge may hold a brownish tinge.
The consistency of the discharge varies mostly on the hormonal changes in the body. When the levels of oestrogen are low, the cervical mucus that is liberated as discharge may be perceived as sticky and thick. When the oestrogen levels rise up, the discharge becomes wetter, more stretchy and clearer. Also, after ovulation, the consistency becomes thicker again.
When should you worry about the vaginal discharge?
- Greenish, greyish or absurdly brownish in colour
- When the discharge appears thicker than normal
- When the discharge is more than normal
- When it smells absurd like fishy or rotten meat like smell
- Pus like discharge
- White with cottage cheese like discharge
- When the discharge is associated with bloody discharge and burning sensation, rash or soreness.
Diseases caused by vaginal discharge
- Yeast Infection: The vaginal discharge is cottage cheese like and may be associated with itching of the vulva. This is also called as thrush. It can be treated easily with antifungal medications such as Fluconazole or Cotrimoxazole.
- Vaginitis: Yellowish offensive discharge, which may be profuse, associated with itching and abdominal pain.
- Trichomoniasis: This disease is asymptomatic in most cases and you may notice purulent discharge.
In case you have a concern or query you can always consult an expert & get answers to your questions!
Vaginal discharge is a normal physiological phenomenon, in which the consistency of vaginal discharge varies throughout the cycle. Healthy vaginal discharge is clear or white in colour, with normal and non-offensive odour. Sometimes right before menstruation, your vaginal discharge may hold a brownish tinge.
The consistency of the discharge varies mostly on the hormonal changes in the body. When the levels of oestrogen are low, the cervical mucus that is liberated as discharge may be perceived as sticky and thick. When the oestrogen levels rise up, the discharge becomes wetter, more stretchy and clearer. Also, after ovulation, the consistency becomes thicker again.
When should you worry about the vaginal discharge?
-
Greenish, greyish or absurdly brownish in colour
-
When the discharge appears thicker than normal
-
When the discharge is more than normal
-
When it smells absurd like fishy or rotten meat like smell
-
Pus like discharge
-
White with cottage cheese like discharge
-
When the discharge is associated with bloody discharge and burning sensation, rash or soreness.
Diseases caused by vaginal discharge
-
Yeast Infection: The vaginal discharge is cottage cheese like and may be associated with itching of the vulva. This is also called as thrush. It can be treated easily with antifungal medications such as Fluconazole or Cotrimoxazole.
-
Vaginitis: Yellowish offensive discharge, which may be profuse, associated with itching and abdominal pain.
-
Trichomoniasis: This disease is asymptomatic in most cases and you may notice purulent discharge. If you wish to discuss about any specific problem, you can consult a gynaecologist.
Pep is required for all persons invo5 in providing medical and surgical services
No environmental transmission reported but pep is pep is required when they are exposed to -
potentially infectious body fluid e. G. Blood, semen, vaginal secretions, synovial, pleural, pericardial, peritoneal fluid, amniotic fluid. Any bodu fluid contaminated with" visible blood" considered" at risk"
exposure to body fluid considered" not at risk" e. G. Tears, sweat, urine, faeces, saliva, sputum and vomitus
Management of exp6 site
- do not panic
- wash wound and surrounding with soap and water
- rinse well
- do not scrub
- for not use antiseptic or skin washes
- splash of blood
- irrigate eyes with water or saine
- if using contact lens leave them in place while irrigating. Remove the contact lens and clean them after eyes is cleaned
- mouth: spit fluid immediately and rinse mouth thoroughly water/saline repeatedly
Pep is required within 72 hours of exposure
conslt nearest art center for selection of pep regime e. G.
1. Basic regime of 2 drug zidovudine 300 mg bd
- Stavudine 30 mg bd
- Lamivudine 150 mg bd
- pep in pregnancy
- Efavirenz is contrindicated in first trimestelr
- Indinavir is contrindicated prenatally
2 drug regime is recommended if third drug is required then use nelfinavir
arv prophylaxix - short term arv drugs is used to reduce hiv transmission from mother to infant
- all hivexposed infants should receive cotrimoxazole at 4-6 weeks of age
nevirapine prophylaxix
- mother- nov 200 mg at onset of labour
- baby- nvp syrup 2 mg / lg of body weight within 72 hours of delivery
HIV or the human immunodeficiency virus is a virus which causes HIV infection and leads to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or AIDS. HIV affects a person in various ways over time. HIV patients are commonly characterized by tiredness and intense fatigue. There are many causes, which lead to fatigue and there are ways to reduce fatigue as well.
- HIV virus as a cause of fatigue: HIV is a long-term infection in nature, and our body provides strong immunity to respond the virus. A lot of energy is capitalized for constantly fighting against the HIV. Fatigue slowly develops as a result of this. Some HIV patients have a high viral load and are likely to develop more fatigue. Energy is regained after starting HIV treatment.
- HIV treatment as a cause of fatigue: Anti-HIV drugs help to improve energy levels in patients, but they lead to fatigue as well. These medicines include a lot of side effects such as tiredness and excess fatigue. These side effects are more common in the early phase of treatment.
In order to avoid this fatigue, you may change your mode of treatment or consult your doctor for a change in your medical prescription. Medicines such as cotrimoxazole, dapsone, pyrimethamine, toxoplasmosis and ganciclovir lead to fatigue. Folic acid can be an alternative. Blood transfusion can also be conducted to treat fatigue due to medicines, which produces a quick burst of red blood cells. Injecting a hormone named erythropoietin also stimulates red blood cell production.
- Low vitamin and mineral levels: Low levels of vitamins and minerals in the body cause fatigue. You can avoid fatigue of this kind by choosing a balanced diet by consulting a dietician. Changing your diet and taking dietary supplements helps in reducing fatigue. Fatigue may also be caused because of anaemia.
- Sleep disorders and stress: Fatigue is bound to develop in HIV patients who suffer from sleeplessness. Insomnia, the most common sleeping disorder, occurs among HIV patients. It happens due to stress, anxiety and depression. Improving upon your sleep ensures correction of the fatigue to a great extent. You can take up counselling or therapies to reduce any kind of sleeping disorder due to stress. You should avoid consuming excess of coffee, alcohol and several recreational drugs. You must also change your lifestyle and daily routine, aiming to be more productive.
Fatigue and tiredness are common among all HIV patients, which occur because of various reasons. There are remedies to get over the fatigue which should be implemented correctly.
UTI stands for urinary tract infections. In children a urinary tract infection (UTI) is a very common condition caused by bacteria. Bacteria that enter the urethra are flushed out through urination. But, when bacteria aren’t excluded out of the urethra, they may grow in the urinary tract and cause infections. The Survey state that up to 8% of girls and 2% of boys will get a UTI at an early age. Sometimes the symptoms of UTI are hard to detect in kids so it is better to get your child treated, as it turn into serious kidney diseases. With a right treatment your child will feel better within few days.
Symptoms of a UTI include:
- Burning and pain during micturation.
- Urgent need to go, but having a few drops of urine.
- Fever and vomiting commonly occur during UTI.
- Foul smell and cloudy urine.
Causes
- Bladder outlet obstruction like posterior urethral valve in males
- Vesico ureteric reflux (VUR)
- Uretero pelvic junction obstruction (UPJ Obstruction)
- Constipation: Being constipated makes difficult to empty your bladder, which means trapped bacteria which increases risk of UTI. So in order to reduce the UTI risk, avoid constipation
- Dehydration: Drinking water not only quenches your thirst, but it also avoids the risk of getting UTI. We should drink enough water so that we can flush out bacteria that can cause UTI. Drinking water also avoids the constipation problem.
- Holding urine: Holding urine for 6 hours make UTI more common as bacteria in the bladder has lots of time to grow and cause infection. So ask your child to pass urine after few hours.
Prevention
- Avoid tight fitting clothes, especially for girl children.
- Drink more and more liquids and eat fibre rich food.
- Change the diaper of young child frequently.
- Ask your child to go for urine immediately rather than holding.
- Don’t give bubble bath to the child as it is a major source of bacteria.
Investigations:
- USG (KUB)
- Urine routine examination and culture sensitivity
- MCU (Micturating Cysto Urethrogram)
- Urodynamic study
- DTPA Scan
- DMSA Scan
Treatments
The most common antibiotics used for treatment are:Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, Ofloxacin, Cefixime etc Sometimes hospitalization is necessary in younger than 6 months old, if:
- The Child has a high fever and not improving.
- The child is vomiting and having dehydration.
In case you have a concern or query you can always consult an expert & get answers to your questions!