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What is inflammatory bowel disease?

Inflammatory bowel disease, also known as ibd, describes a group of conditions that are chronic and cause inflammation in the digestive system.

Types of inflammatory bowel disease?

There are two primary forms of ibd. They are:



Ulcerative colitis: this type of ibd is characterised by inflammation and ulcers in the inner lining of the colon and rectum, which can cause bloody diarrhoea, abdominal pain and cramping.


Crohn s disease: this kind of ibd may affect any area of the digestive system, from the mouth to the anus, causing inflammation, discomfort, diarrhoea, weight loss, and tiredness.



What are the signs and symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease?



Abdominal pain and cramping: people with ibd often experience abdominal pain and cramping, usually in the lower-right part of the abdomen. The pain may come and go or be persistent, depending on the severity of inflammation.


Diarrhoea: diarrhea is a frequent ibd symptom that may vary from mild to severe.


Fatigue: fatigue is a common symptom of ibd and can be caused by anaemia (an iron deficiency) as well as by the inflammation itself.


Unexplained weight loss: weight loss can occur due to malabsorption, which is when the body fails to absorb enough nutrients from food due to inflammation in the intestines, or due to a lack of appetite as a result of illness or medication side effects.


Fever: a fever can be an indication of infection, which can occur in people with ibd due to complications from inflammation in the intestines.


Rectal bleeding: rectal bleeding can occur when there is inflammation in the rectum or large intestine, which is common in people with ibd.



What are possible complications of inflammatory bowel disease?



Perforation: this is a serious complication of ibd that occurs when a hole forms in the intestine, leading to infection of the abdominal cavity. This can be caused by inflammation and weakened areas of the intestines.


Malnutrition: patients with ibd can experience malnutrition due to the inability to absorb nutrients from food properly and due to loss of appetite. Malnutrition can lead to other complications such as anaemia, fatigue, and weight loss.


Bowel obstruction: this is a blockage in the intestines that prevents food from passing through, leading to abdominal pain and cramping. It can be caused by inflammation, scar tissue build-up, or narrowing of the intestines due to crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis.


Fistula: this is an abnormal connection between two organs or parts of the body that occurs due to inflammation in ibd patients and can cause infection or abscesses in rare cases.


Kidney stones: these are small, hard deposits that form in the kidneys due to mineral buildup from dehydration, which can be caused by ibd-related diarrhoea and vomiting.



Nutrition tips for inflammatory bowel disease



Eating a balanced diet with plenty of nutrients is important for people with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd).


Smaller, more frequent meals may aid with symptom management.


Include probiotic-rich foods such as yoghurt, kefir and kombucha in your diet to support gut health and reduce inflammation.


By consuming more fish, especially mackerel and salmon, you may increase your intake of omega-3 fatty acids.


Be hydrated throughout the day by consuming enough fluids to support regular bowel movements.



Here are some ayurvedic remedies to cure ibs:



Kshara sutra therapy: this ayurvedic treatment involves the insertion of medicated threads made up of herbs like haritaki and pippali into the affected areas of the intestine to reduce inflammation and heal ulcers.


Abhyanga: this ayurvedic massage with herbal oils can help improve digestion and provide relief from some of the symptoms associated with ibd, such as cramps, bloating, and abdominal pain.


Panchakarma: this detoxifying therapy helps in clearing toxins from the body through emesis, purgation, enemas and nasal drops. It also helps in reducing inflammation and relieving pain associated with ibd.


Diet modifications: a diet that is low in fat, high in fibre, and full of fresh vegetables, fruits and whole grains can help reduce inflammation in the gut and also provide essential nutrients for healing. Avoiding spicy food, caffeine and alcohol is also advisable for people suffering from ibd.


Herbal remedies: herbal remedies such as amalaki, ashwagandha, guduchi, turmeric, ginger etc, can be used to reduce inflammation caused by ibd as well as strengthen the digestive system to fight off infection or parasites that may be contributing to its symptoms.


Yoga: certain yoga poses such as paschimottanasana (forward bend), siddhasana (perfect pose), balasana (child's pose) etc, help stimulate digestion and reduce stress which can aggravate some of the symptoms associated with ibd like diarrhoea or constipation.


Steam therapy: steam therapy helps relax the digestive system leading to better digestion which helps reduce abdominal pain caused by ibd.


Basti treatment: in this treatment an herbal decoction or oil is administered via enema into the rectum which helps reduce inflammation in the bowels caused by ibd as well as relieve abdominal discomfort due to gas or constipation associated with it.


Jatyadi oil massage: massaging with jatyadi oil helps increase blood circulation in the abdomen area which provides relief from cramps & pain resulting from inflammation caused by ibd.


Nasya karma: it involves administering medicated oils into the nose which help clear toxins accumulated in the head & neck region due to poor digestion leading to reduced stress levels & improved immunity which ultimately helps manage inflammatory bowel disease.



If none of the aforementioned approaches work, you could think about having surgery.

What are the surgical treatments for inflammatory bowel disease?



Laparoscopic ileocolic resection: typically, crohn's disease is treated with this procedure. It entails removing a section of the large intestine as well as the ileum, the last part of the small intestine.


Colectomy: both crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, two forms of inflammatory bowel disease, are treated with this operation. It entails removing the whole or a portion of the large intestine.


Ileostomy: this procedure is used to treat both crohn s disease and ulcerative colitis and involves creating an artificial opening in the abdomen to allow waste material to exit from the body into an external pouch.


Strictureplasty: this procedure is used to treat crohn s disease and involves widening a narrowed or structured area in the intestines so that food can pass through more easily.


Bowel resection: this procedure is used to treat both crohn s disease and ulcerative colitis and involves removing a section of damaged intestine from either the small or large intestine due to inflammation or obstruction caused by scar tissue and adhesions.



Best doctors to consult for inflammatory bowel disease?



Gastroenterologist: a gastroenterologist is an expert in digestive system illnesses including inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). They can assist you in managing your symptoms and developing an individualised treatment plan as they've obtained specialised training in the diagnosis and management of ibd.


Primary care physician: your primary care physician is a great place to start if you think you may have ibd. They can provide general advice on managing your symptoms, refer you to specialists if needed, and coordinate care with other health professionals involved in your care.


Colorectal surgeon: a colorectal surgeon specialises in surgeries related to the digestive system, including those for ibd. If you require surgery to treat your ibd, a colorectal surgeon can provide the best possible care tailored specifically to your condition.


Nutritionist or dietitian: a nutritionist or dietitian can help you create an individualised diet plan that meets your nutritional needs while helping to manage symptoms of ibd. They can also provide guidance on food choices that may help reduce inflammation or other digestive issues related to ib.



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What are food allergies?

A food allergy is an abnormal response to a food triggered by the body's immune system. Almost any food can cause an allergy, but there are some common triggers including nuts, milk, eggs, soy, wheat, shellfish and peanuts.

Symptoms of food allergies range from mild reactions such as a skin rash or stomach ache to severe reactions such as anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis causes airways to swell shut and can be life threatening if not treated quickly.

What causes food allergies?



Food allergies are caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. For example, people may have inherited genes that make them more likely to develop certain allergic reactions when exposed to certain foods. ;


Additionally, exposure to certain substances in the environment or poor dietary habits may increase a person's risk for food allergies.



How are food allergies diagnosed?



Food allergies are typically diagnosed with an oral food challenge test or through blood tests that measure specific antibodies against particular foods in the blood serum.


If these tests show evidence of sensitization (i. E, the presence of antibodies to particular foods), then it is likely that the individual has a food allergy. ;


After diagnosis and confirmation testing of suspected allergens has been done it s very important that patients learn how best to avoid their specific trigger foods and what treatments they should have on-hand in case they do get exposed.



What are the signs and symptoms of food allergies?

The signs and symptoms of food allergies can vary widely, but usually involve some combination of hives, rash, itching, difficulty breathing, a decrease in blood pressure and/or tightness in the throat.

Some common symptoms of food allergies include:



Hives (itchy red spots)


Swelling in the face or tongue


Wheezing or breathing difficulties


Vomiting or abdominal pain


Itchy skin rashes such as eczema


Diarrhea


Runny nose or congestion


Headache/migraine


Anaphylaxis (a severe, life threatening allergic reaction)



What are possible complications of food allergies?



Food allergies can cause serious complications and reactions, ranging in severity from mild to life-threatening. ;


Possible complications include skin reactions such as hives, itching or swelling; respiratory symptoms such as coughing, wheezing or shortness of breath; digestive issues such as nausea, vomiting or diarrhoea; and anaphylaxis, a sudden and severe all-body reaction that can be life-threatening.


People with food allergies must be vigilant in reading food labels to avoid their particular allergens.



The 8 most common food allergies and their treatment



Eggs allergy: an immune system reaction to proteins in the egg whites or egg yolks. Treatment includes avoiding foods with eggs, as well as taking precautions like carrying and using an injectable epinephrine pen when eating out or travelling.


Milk allergy: an immune system response to the protein in cow's milk. Treatment involves avoiding dairy products, reading labels carefully and finding alternatives like lactose-free and soy milk products.


Peanuts/tree nuts allergy: an allergy to peanut or tree nut based products, such as walnuts, almonds or pistachios. Treatment includes avoiding foods containing these ingredients and seeking medical advice if necessary for severe reactions like anaphylaxis shock symptoms (e. G, swelling of the throat and tongue).


Wheat/gluten allergy: gluten is a protein found in wheat, rye, barley and other grains that can cause digestive issues for those with wheat allergies or celiac disease (an autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten). Treatment includes following a gluten-free diet including whole grain grains such as quinoa, amaranth and millet, as well as avoiding processed foods that often contain gluten (e. G, breads and pastas).


Fish/shellfish allergy: allergies related to substances found in fish skin or shellfish meat or eggs can cause allergic reactions ranging from mild itching around the mouth to life-threatening anaphylactic shock symptoms (e. G, swelling of the throat). Treatment involves avoiding fish/shellfish products altogether or substituting them for non-allergenic foods like tofu depending on severity of reaction (s).


Soy allergy: allergy to proteins found in soybeans which are used commonly in many ready-made foods such as vegan cheese and certain types of breads/pastas due its high protein content.


Mustard allergy: this allergy is a reaction to mustard seeds & its products that contain mustard, such as mustard powder and prepared mustards. Allergic symptoms can include skin rashes, digestive issues, and anaphylaxis.


Sesame allergy: this allergy is a reaction to sesame seeds & its products that contain sesame, such as tahini. Sesame allergy can cause anaphylaxis.



;What are the surgical treatments for food allergies?



Surgical treatments for food allergies are relatively limited. Generally, the focus is not on surgical intervention, but rather on dietary and lifestyle modification to avoid the allergen altogether.


In severe cases where exposure is likely to occur, such as accidental ingestion in a restaurant or intentional ingestion by a patient with poor compliance with their diet, immunotherapy (oit) may be recommended by select allergists.


This entails gradual introduction of small amounts of the allergen into the patient's system to help their body become accustomed and tolerant over time. ;


Additionally, endoscopic hydrodissection with topical corticosteroids has recently been used as a potential therapy in certain cases of anaphylaxis, although effects have yet to be proven surefire or long term in nature.


Endoscopic hydro-dissection: endoscopic hydro-dissection is a minimally invasive procedure used to help diagnose and manage food allergies. This procedure involves the use of saline and water solution to dissect, identify, and eliminate tissue involved in the allergic reaction. This method can also be used to obtain a sample of the areas affected by allergy for further testing. With endoscopic hydro-dissection, physicians can more accurately diagnose food allergies and identify which foods are causing reactions so they can be avoided in the future.



Best doctors to consult for food allergies?



Allergists: an allergist is a doctor specifically trained to diagnose and treat allergies, asthma, and immunologic disorders. They use skin or blood tests to determine which food (s) is causing an allergic reaction and suggest personalized avoidance strategies.


Gastroenterologists: some gastroenterologists may specialize in food allergies unusually severe cases of food intolerance, which involve gastrointestinal difficulties including vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain.


Dietitians: a dietitian can help patients with food allergies create an appropriate meal plan as well as provide dietary advice on how to make sure the diet includes the essential nutrients yet avoids foods that might trigger an allergy attack.

Here I am sharing some of the basic diet tips to be followed by a hypothyroidism person as follow:-

Add on more complex carbs like whole grain and whole grain products, brown bread, brown sugar, millets such as jowar, bajra, jaw, etc into your daily diet.
Add on all kinds of pulses & legumes, low fat milk & milk products like curd, cottage cheese, buttermilk etc, and in animal proteins such as lean fish, lean chicken, eggs, etc in moderate amounts.
Add on green vegs, leafy vegs and other vegs in moderate to liberal amounts. Only cruciferous vegs like cabbages, spinach, cauliflower etc needed to be taken in minimal amounts in well cooked form.
Add fruits like ripe apple, ripe guava, ripe papaya, kiwi, all berries except avocados, custard apple, pineapples in restricted amounts can be taken.
Add on both fruit salads and veg salads, clear veg soups and clear non veg soups in desirable quantity in a whole day, i. E. 1 serving in a day.
Add on nuts and roasted seeds in moderate amounts in a whole day's diet, 1serving per day.
In cooking oil, olive oil, canola oil, rice bran oil etc are good to use.
Iodised salt needed to be used in cooking in required amount around 5-6grams per day.
Adequate water intake about 2.5ltrs per day and regular exercise is essential to maintain a healthy life.
Try to take soybean and soy products like soy milk, tofu etc in restricted amounts.
Try to avoid all highly processed and packaged foods and sugary fruit juices available in canned forms.
Try to avoid excess intake of alcohol or smoking cigarettes.
Try to reduce stress and sleep early in night time.
Thus, these are some of the basic diet tips to be followed to maintain a healthy thyroid level.

Best Exercises For Hypothyroidism!

Sometimes, during consumption of certain food items many children get itchy throat, eyes, ears, asthma, sneezing, rashes, diarrhea and eczema. This can be due to food intolerance in children. It is a form of allergic disease in children. Every 1 out of 10 children suffer from food intolerance. These days, food allergies are becoming more and more common in children who are allergic to nuts, milk and eggs. In some cases it can also be life threatening. This condition is known as anaphylaxis. Milk and egg allergies are more common throughout the world.

Symptoms of food intolerance:

Bloating

Your bowels start becoming irritable.

Stomach starts to ache.

Cough and cold is a common symptom.

Itchy skin rash

Causes of food intolerance in children:

There are enzymes in your body, which help you to digest the food you consume. Some enzymes in your body are insufficient; which further causes food intolerance in children. For instance, lactose intolerance causes spasms, stomach aches, diarrhea and so on so forth.

Food intolerance can also be caused due to chemicals, such as chemicals present in coffee, tea, cheese and chocolates.

Some food products can also cause food intolerance such as undercooked beans containing aflatoxins can cause extreme stomach infections in children.

Some children are also intolerant to certain food products which have salicylates such as majority of fruits, vegetables, herbs and also additives. Processed food contains a high amount of salicylates.

Children can be allergic to antioxidants like artificial food coloring, artificial flavouring and preservatives.

What to do if you think your child has food intolerance?

Take your child for a skin prick test. In this test, the skin is pricked with a thin needle and when the blood oozes out, supplements of different food products are put in that area. If that particular area becomes reddish and begins to itch, your child has allergy to that certain food product

A blood test should be done. It verifies the level of lgE present in your blood and finds out if your child is suffering from food intolerance or not. If you wish to discuss about any specific problem, you can consult a doctor.

In recent years there has been a rise in gastrointestinal disease due to lifestyle changes. Conditions like irritable bowel syndrome, gastroesophageal reflux disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver, cancer of colon, liver and pancreas have been affecting the young and the elderly equally.

The advancement of medical science has given rise to a series of laparoscopic surgeries relating to gastrointestinal diseases. These surgeries are minimally invasive compared to open surgeries. Let s have a look at the various forms of gastrointestinal surgeries.

Conditions Cured through Gastrointestinal Surgeries:

Gastrointestinal surgery can be used to prevent and treat the following health disorders.

Peptic ulcer disease
Barrett s Esophagus
Hiatal hernia
Radiation bowel injury
Gastrointestinal tumours
Inflammatory bowel disease
GERD
Achalasia
Malignant disease of the pancreas
Malignant disease of the biliary tract
Infectious disease of the colon and rectum

Types of Gastrointestinal Surgeries:

Some examples of gastrointestinal surgeries include

Colon Cancer Surgery It may involve local excision which is done in the early stage of colon cancer. Here the doctor inserts a cutting tool into the colon to remove the cancerous growth. Colectomy is the next stage that is performed only when the cancer has spread to the nearby tissues.

Oesophagal Cancer Surgery It includes esophagectomy or removing the oesophagus partially leaving the patient with the ability to swallow.

Gall Bladder Cancer Surgery - It involves four stages of treatment namely Cholecystectomy, Surgical Biliary Bypass, Endoscopic Stent Placement and Percutaneous Transhepatic Biliary Drainage. Each procedure is performed at different stages depending on the severity of the condition.

Liver Disease Surgery Liver disease surgery involves Partial Hepatectomy, Liver Transplant and Ablation used at different stages of cancer.

Pancreatic Cancer Surgery The four stages of pancreatic cancer surgery includes Whipple procedure, Total Pancreatectomy, Distal Pancreatectomy and Gastric Bypass.

Apart from these open surgeries, the laparoscopic procedures include

Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy
Laparoscopic Appendectomy
Laparoscopic Nephrectomy
Laparoscopic Splenectomy

Benefits of a Gastrointestinal Surgery:

Minimally invasive due to which scarring is less
Shorter recovery period
Reduced chances of infection
Reduced chances of reoccurrence of the disease

Most of these benefits apply specifically to the gastrointestinal surgeries performed using the laparoscopic technique.

With the rampant increase in gastrointestinal diseases among the masses the wide ranges of gastrointestinal surgeries have made treatment and prevention easier and more accessible.

Ulcerative Colitis is one of the severe and chronic forms of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) that can throw life in jeopardy. The condition that mainly affects the rectum and the large intestine can cause severe inflammation, ulceration, and abscess formation. The ulceration or the inflammation of the colon and the rectum left unattended for too long can give rise to deleterious consequences including damage and perforation of the colon, osteoporosis. Various studies also suggest that ulcerative colitis can increase the risk of a person suffering from colon cancer.

Like most of the IBD, there is no definite cure for ulcerative colitis. The illness is a chronic condition and can flare up or recur at any point in time. Though medications may help to control the damage and the complications triggered by ulcerative colitis, surgery may be essential in case of

Severe damage to the colon.
The nonsurgical treatments could do little to improve the conditions.
There is an increased risk of colon cancer.
Ulcerative colitis has resulted in Toxic megacolon (a life-threatening condition where the large intestinal muscles have dilated with some swelling).
There are extreme discomfort and bleeding.
Surgeries to deal with Ulcerative Colitis

In the case of Ulcerative Colitis, the nature of the surgery depends on the extent to which the colon or the rectum or both have been affected and damaged.
In the case of extensive damage with a high risk of colon cancer, the surgeon may perform Proctocolectomy or colectomy
Colectomy may involve
Removal of all of the colon- Total Colectomy
Removal of the diseased part of the colon- Partial Colectomy.
Following the excision, the surgeon may carry out necessary rearrangements to reconnect the remaining portion of the colon to the abdomen through an opening known as stroma (the procedure is known as colostomy).
In the case of Total Colectomy, the small intestine will be connected to the abdomen by a process known as Ileostomy.
Proctocolectomy involves the removal of both the rectum and colon to avoid further aggravation.
Following the proctocolectomy, the surgeon may carry out Ileoanal Anastomosis (Ileal Pouch-Anal Anastomosis). In this procedure, a pouch is created using a small part of the small intestine. This pouch is then connected to the anus to help in the elimination of the wastes.
General precautionary measures to control Ulcerative Colitis

Making healthy lifestyle and dietary modifications can go a long way to control ulcerative colitis and the associated symptoms.

Spicy foods can worsen the incidence of ulcerative colitis. Enrich your diet with lots of fruits, vegetables (squash, avocados, fish (especially salmon and tuna), meat, dairy products, olive oil, walnuts, flaxseed oil, almonds.
Make sure the diet is a low-fiber diet.
Avoid alcoholic and caffeinated drinks and beverages, foods high in sulfur content, refined sugar.
Research suggests stress and lack of physical activities can aggravate the ulcerative colitis. Mediation and daily exercise can produce fruitful results.
Make sure your sleep is not compromised (6-8 hours daily).

Crohn s disease is a chronic inflammatory disorder of GI or digestive tract. Crohn s disease is most commonly affects the mucosal lining due to ulcerations of small and large intestines, but it can affect the entire digestive system. Crohn s disease is usually related to another chronic inflammatory condition namely ulcerative colitis, which involves mainly colon. Crohn s disease and ulcerative colitis are together referred to as inflammatory bowel disease. The symptoms include vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloody diarrhea, fever, weight loss, anal fistulae, and perirectal abscesses. But, the symptoms are mostly dependent on the location, extent and severity of the inflammation.

Subtypes of Crohn s disease are:

Crohn s colitis Inflammation of the colon. The common symptoms are abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea. However, anal fistulae and perirectal abscesses can also occur.
Crohn s enteritis Inflammation of small intestines. Mainly jejunum (second part) or ileum (third part). The common symptoms are abdominal pain and diarrhea. In this obstruction of small intestines can also occur.
Crohn s terminal ileitis Inflammation of the part of the small intestine which is closest to the colon, i.e. ileum (third or terminal part of small intestine). Similar to colitis and enteritis, the common symptoms are abdominal pain and diarrhea.
Crohn s entero-colitis and ileocolitis Inflammation involving both small intestine and colon. The symptoms include abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea. Obstruction of the small intestine can also occur.
Causes of Crohn s Disease
The cause of the disease is still not known. However, the researchers report that it is due to the abnormal response of the immune system. The uncontrolled inflammation which is associated with Crohn s disease may be caused by food or bacterial intestines or due to the lining of the bowel.

Diagnosis
There are various diagnostic procedures and laboratory tests by which Crohn s disease can be distinguished from other GI tract disease such as ulcerative colitis. A gastroenterologist can perform a sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy to get bowel tissue for analysis or upper endoscopy can be done to study esophagus, stomach,and duodenum (first part of the small intestine). To study in detail of small intestine, capsule endoscopy can be done, which is done by using a small, pill-sized camera which is swallowed. Other tests that can be suggested by your doctor are:

Blood tests can be done. High white blood cell indicates inflammation and low red blood cells indicates a sign of anemia due to blood loss.
Stool examination can be done to rule out any infection that can occur due to diarrhea.
Special x-rays, namely CT scan or MRI can be performed of both upper and lower GI tract in order to confirm the location of the inflammation.
Treatment
Although there is no cure for Crohn s disease, however, one can lead normal lives. Crohn s disease is normally treated with medications. These include:

Anti-inflammatory drugs, namely, salicylates. Side effects of these drugs are gastrointestinal upset, nausea, rash, headache, or diarrhea.
Corticosteroids, again type of anti-inflammatory drugs, but this is more powerful. The side effects are seen if these drugs are consumed for long periods of time, mainly, thinning of bone, muscle loss, skin problems, and increased risk of infections.
Antibiotics can be given such as ciprofloxacin, metronidazole and others. The side effects include nausea, tingling or numbness of feet and hands.
Antidiarrheal drugs
Risks
Along with Crohn s disease, you are likely to develop other health problems such as colon cancer, lymphoma, deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, or psoriatic arthritis.
Thus, with this information, you can with the help of your doctor can work out your plan to avoid problems and possible complications.

Skin conditions related to thyroid disorders are very common. Thyroid problems arise when the level of TSH goes up or down abnormally, or when something goes wrong with the thyroid gland itself. As a result, the thyroid fails to perform its normal functions such as regulating your metabolism, body temperature, heart rate etc.

The scientific name for skin problems associated with thyroid disorder is Myxedema. Skin disorders are caused when the amount of glycosaminoglycan deposits in your skin is high. This condition is commonly known as Hypothyroidism.

Connection between Hypothyroidism and dry skin-
Hypothyroidism refers to an underactive thyroid gland. Simply put, when your thyroid gland produces insufficient hormones. Due to this condition, hyaluronic acid gets accumulated in your skin, making it dry and scaly.
Thyroid hormone receptors are found in various body parts throughout the skin matrix- skin fibroblasts, epidermal keratinocytes, sebaceous gland cells, hair follicles etc. In simple words, when thyroid hormones are secreted, the receptor sites are notified and retaliate accordingly.

Symptoms of hypothyroidism-
Apart from dry, flaky skin, other obvious signs associated with hypothyroidism are-

Increased sensitivity to cold
Weight gain
Puffy, pale face
Epidermal changes in Hyperthyroidism-
This condition is just the opposite of hypothyroidism. Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) occurs when the thyroid gland produces excess hormones. This leads to thyrotoxicosis, which causes your skin to become inflamed and thin (like in psoriasis or eczema).

Symptoms of hyperthyroidism-
The symptoms of hyperthyroidism differ from that of hypothyroidism.

Brittle nails
Weight loss
Bulging eyes
How Homeopathy helps treat thyroid-related skin disorders?

As stated earlier, hormonal imbalance is the primary cause of thyroid disorders. Homeopathy rectifies the root cause by controlling hormonal imbalance and thus brings about harmony. Homeopathy treats the person as a whole, and thus prevents the condition from recurring.
Homeopathy treats each individual with thyroid-related skin disorders differently. It evaluates the type of skin problem you are encountering, and provides a remedy that directly addresses the condition.
Homeopathy follows a holistic approach. This means, your lifestyle and habits are also taken into account. Moreover, homeopathy medicines are prepared from 100% natural substances extracted from minerals, plant and animal bodies. So they are completely safe to use.

The bowel is a very important part of your body within the digestive system as it plays a vital role in the absorption of nutrients and minerals within your body as well as excreting toxic matter. The bowel contains the small bowel or small intestine as well as the large bowel or the large intestine. However, parts of the bowel may be infected or damaged in such a manner that they may need to be removed in order to save further worsening. Thus, the removal of sections of the bowels is known as bowel resection surgery.

How is bowel resection surgery performed?
In this procedure, sections of either the large intestine or the small intestine are removed which have either become diseased, infected or have malignant growths within them. The doctors and surgeons first identify the sections that need to be removed and then perform the surgery wherein a section of the tissue is excised and then two ends of the bowel are stitched together to form a new section of continuous small intestine or large intestine.

Types of bowel resection
There are two types of bowel resection, namely small bowel resection performed on the small intestine and large bowel resection performed on the large intestine. The indications for both of them are mentioned below:

Small Bowel resection: Some of the cases wherein small bowel resection may be required are as follows:

Cancerous or benign polyps or growth
Precancerous growths and polyps
Damage to the small intestine due to injuries
Congenital defects in the small intestine
Blockages in the intestine
Growth of ulcers, bleeding, and infection within the small intestine
Infections within the intestines
Other disorders of the small intestine
Large bowel resection: Large bowel resection is also carried out due to many of the same reasons as mentioned above. However, some of the specific reasons for large bowel resection are mentioned below:

Colon cancer
Diverticulitis, disorder that specifically affects the large intestine
Bowel inflammation or ulcerative colitis
Abnormal twisting of the bowel also known as volvulus
Intestines which slide into another section of the intestine; also known as intussusception
Risks of the bowel resection
Like any other surgery, bowel resection also carries its own risks just as any other form of surgery. Some of the common risks of bowel resection are

Adverse reaction to anesthesia
Infections
Heart attacks or strokes during the operation
Infections
Excessive bleeding among others
Specific risks for large and small bowel resections are mentioned as follows:

Small bowel resection: Certain common risks include accumulation of pus in the abdomen, internal bleeding within the intestine after surgery, diarrhea, infection of the incision area and the stitched area breaking open among others
Large bowel resection: In this case, tissues protruding through the cut causing an incisional hernia is the most common element of risk. Nearby organs may be damaged as well; scar tissue, problems with the passage of material within the colon among others are some of the other complications.
However, these issues occur rarely and resections are performed very successfully and quite regularly by surgeons.