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A strain of SIV (called SIVcpz) was found in a chimpanzee that was almost identical to HIV in humans. The researchers who discovered this connection concluded that it proved chimpanzees were the source of HIV-1, and that the virus had at some point crossed species from chimps to humans The same scientists then conducted more research into how SIV could have developed in the chimps. They discovered that the chimps had hunted and eaten 2 smaller species of monkeys (red-capped mangabeys and greater spot-nosed monkeys) and became infected with 2 different strains of SIV. The two different SIV strains then joined together to form a third virus (SIVcpz) that could be passed on to other chimps. This is the strain that can also infect humans. SIVcpz was transferred to humans as a result of chimps being killed and eaten, or their blood getting into cuts or wounds on the human hunter. Normally, the hunter's body would have fought off SIV, but on a few occasions it adapted itself within its new human host and became HIV-1. There are four main groups of HIV strains (M, N O and P), each with a slightly different genetic make-up. This supports the hunter theory because every time SIV passed from a chimpanzee to a human, it would have developed in a slightly different way within the human body, and produced a slightly different strain. This explains why there is more than one strain of HIV-1.
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Scientists identified a type of chimpanzee in West Africa as the source of HIV infection in humans. They believe that the chimpanzee version of the immunodeficiency virus (called simian immunodeficiency virus, or SIV) most likely was transmitted to humans and mutated into HIV when humans hunted these chimpanzees for meat and came into contact with their infected blood. Studies show that HIV may have jumped from apes to humans as far back as the late 1800s. Over decades, the virus slowly spread across Africa and later into other parts of the world. We know that the virus has existed in the United States since at least the mid- to late 1970s. WHAT IS AIDS? “AIDS” stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. To understand what that means, let’s break it down: A – Acquired – AIDS is not something you inherit from your parents. You acquire AIDS after birth. I – Immuno – Your body's immune system includes all the organs and cells that work to fight off infection or disease. D – Deficiency – You get AIDS when your immune system is "deficient, or isn't working the way it should. S – Syndrome – A syndrome is a collection of symptoms and signs of disease. AIDS is a syndrome, rather than a single disease, because it is a complex illness with a wide range of complications and symptoms. As noted above, AIDS is the final stage of HIV infection, and not everyone who has HIV advances to this stage. People at this stage of HIV disease have badly damaged immune systems, which put them at risk for opportunistic infections (OIs). You are considered to have progressed to AIDS if you have one or more specific OIs, certain cancers, or a very low number of CD4 cells. If you have AIDS, you will need medical intervention and treatment to prevent death. HOW DO YOU GET HIV? Certain body fluids from an HIV-infected person can transmit HIV. These body fluids are: Blood Semen (cum) Pre-seminal fluid (pre-cum) Rectal fluids Vaginal fluids Breast milk These body fluids must come into contact with a mucous membrane or damaged tissue or be directly injected into your bloodstream (by a needle or syringe) for transmission to possibly occur. Mucous membranes are the soft, moist areas just inside the openings to your body. They can be found inside the rectum, the vagina or the opening of the penis, and the mouth. HOW IS HIV SPREAD? Having sex with someone who has HIV. In general: Anal sex (penis in the anus of a man or woman) is the highest-risk sexual behavior. Receptive anal sex (“bottoming”) is riskier than insertive anal sex (“topping”). Vaginal sex (penis in the vagina) is the second highest-risk sexual behavior. Having multiple sex partners or having sexually transmitted infections can increase the risk of HIV infection through sex. Sharing needles, syringes, rinse water, or other equipment (“works”) used to prepare injection drugs with someone who has HIV. Less commonly, HIV may be spread by: Being born to an infected mother. HIV can be passed from mother to child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding. Being stuck with an HIV-contaminated needle or other sharp object. This is a risk mainly for health care workers. Receiving blood transfusions, blood products, or organ/tissue transplants that are contaminated with HIV. Eating food that has been pre-chewed by an HIV-infected person. The contamination occurs when infected blood from a caregiver’s mouth mixes with food while chewing, and is very rare. Being bitten by a person with HIV. Each of the very small number of documented cases has involved severe trauma with extensive tissue damage and the presence of blood. There is no risk of transmission if the skin is not broken. Oral sex—using the mouth to stimulate the penis, vagina, or anus (fellatio, cunnilingus, and rimming). Giving fellatio (mouth to penis oral sex) and having the person ejaculate (cum) in your mouth is riskier than other types of oral sex. Contact between broken skin, wounds, or mucous membranes and HIV-infected blood or blood-contaminated body fluids. These reports have also been extremely rare. Deep, open-mouth kissing if the person with HIV has sores or bleeding gums and blood is exchanged. HIV is not spread through saliva. Transmission through kissing alone is extremely rare. HIV is NOT spread by: Air or water Insects, including mosquitoes or ticks Saliva, tears, or sweat Casual contact, like shaking hands, hugging or sharing dishes/drinking glasses Drinking fountains Toilet seats HIV is not spread through the air and it does not live long outside the human body. Having an undetectable viral load greatly lowers the chance that a person living with HIV can transmit the virus to a partner, but there is still some risk. “Viral load” refers to the amount of HIV in an infected person’s blood. An “undetectable viral load” is when the amount of HIV in a person’s blood is so low that it can’t be measured. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) reduces a person’s viral load, ideally to an undetectable level, when taken consistently and correctly. However, a person with HIV can still potentially transmit HIV to a partner even if they have an undetectable viral load, because: HIV may still be found in a person’s genital fluids (e.g. Semen, vaginal fluids). The viral load test only measures virus in a person’s blood. A person’s viral load may go up between tests. When this happens, they may be more likely to transmit HIV to partners. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) increase viral load in a person’s genital fluids.
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