Common Specialities
{{speciality.keyWord}}
Common Issues
{{issue.keyWord}}
Common Treatments
{{treatment.keyWord}}

Overview

Mumps Virus Antibody IgM Test

Mumps Virus Antibody IgM Test

also known as: Parotitis Epidemica Antibodies

Mumps Virus belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae. Mumps is an acute syndrome which causes an abnormal enlargement of the salivary glands associated with pain. Mumps were known to be eradicated from the world until 2006, when it relapsed. It was then felt necessary to research for a laboratory test which was clinically compatible. Within the parameters of laboratory diagnosis and Mumps Virus Antibody IgM test, an antibody against mumps virus is detected. However, factors like decreased sensitivity and specificity act as limitations to the above procedure and demand additional laboratory diagnosis namely PCR in the throat, saliva or urine for the detecting viral nucleic acid. It also demands the technique of virus isolation. These laboratory tests are known to be clinically compatible.

You can talk to your doctor about it. When the doctor is affirmatively about the test, ask him about the precautions or preparations you need to make before the test. Do not forget to inform him about the present medications you are going through or about any other allergies. Since the reference scale for the Mumps Virus Antibody IgM test varies for lab to lab, your doctor might suggest you a few minor things that you are expected to take care of. It can be a slight change in your diet wherein you will be asked to consume more fluid foods and juices for a couple of days.

It checks the immunity of a person against specific viruses due to past infections. Diagnoses the present status of the patient for any prevailing mumps or even measles virus. Tracks outbreaks.

The well known and well formulated diagnosis method of Enzyme – linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is used or applied on the blood sample. For the testing, the equipment available should be effective with almost no errors and it’s usage largely depends on the number of samples under study.

Readers should have an appropriate or accurate filter, that is, somewhere between the range of 650 nm to 450 nm. Pipettes of all types, single channel or multi – channel with adjustable or fixed volumes can be used. Washing of the plates can be manual, semi automated or fully automated. A number of reagents like sample diluents, substrate, stop solution, wash concentrate, etc. can/are used. The test sample is added to a micro title wherein it reacts with Ag or Ab. Enzyme labelled antibody is added to the reaction mixture. The substrate is then added to the antigen – antibody reaction. The enzyme, through catalysis, produces a colour which is then verified using ELISA reader.

Specimen
Serum
Volume
1 mL
Container
Red-top tube or gel-barrier tube.
Type Gender Age-Group Value
Mumps Virus Antibodies
Unisex
All age groups
Antibodies are not normally present
Average price range of the test is between Rs.1200 to Rs.2180 depending on the factors of city, quality and availablity.

Table of Content

What is Mumps Virus Antibody IgM Test?
Preparation for Mumps Virus Antibody IgM Test
Uses of Mumps Virus Antibody IgM Test
Procedure for Mumps Virus Antibody IgM Test
Specimen Requirements
Normal values for Mumps Virus Antibody IgM Test
Price for Mumps Virus Antibody IgM Test
Lybrate Gaurantee
Lybrate Gaurantee

Popular Questions & Answers

I'm felling like discomfort in My right testicle like someone is pulling it down. The location of right one is little differ from left is that normal?

M.B.S.(HOMEO), MD - Homeopathy
Homeopath, Visakhapatnam
I'm felling like discomfort in My right testicle like someone is pulling it down. The location of right one is little...
Pain in the scrotum can be the result of serious conditions like testicular torsion or a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Ignoring the pain may cause irreversible damage to the testicles and scrotum. Often, problems with the testicles cause abdominal or groin pain before pain in the testicle develops. Sometimes, what seems to be testicle pain is caused by a problem that starts in the groin, abdomen or somewhere else — for example, kidney stones and some hernias can cause testicle pain. ... Causes of testicle pain or pain in the testicle area can include: Diabetic neuropathy (nerve damage caused by diabetes). Testicular Pain. ... These include epididymis, inflammation of the ducts that carry sperm from the testicle, caused by sexually transmitted diseases such as Chlamydia or by urinary tract infections, and orchitis,inflammation of one or both testicles from a bacterial or viral infection such as mumps.

Dear doctor I have a one problem about sex, meri gf virgin he and humne sex karneka faisla kiya, hum koi risk nahi Lena chahte iss liye humne condom use kiya. But jesehi me sex karneki koshish karu to condom break ho jata he. Aur meri gf ko takleef bhi hoti he. So what can I do?

MBBS, D.P.H
General Physician, Gurgaon
MR SAURABH YOU ARE DOING UNPROTECTED SEX WITH A UNMARRIED GIRL IF SHE GOT PREGNANT DUE TO YOUR THIS ACT THEN YOU MAY BE IN LEGAL TROUBLE SO AVOID IT IF YOU HAVE PERFORMED WITH TEAR CONDOM THEN CHANCES OF CONCEPTION ARE THERE IF ANY OF YOU ARE HIV +VE THEN YOU MAY GIVE INFECTION TO EACH OTHER SIMULTANEOUSLY YOU MAY BE EXPOSED TO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE WITH UNPROTECTED SEX OR WITH TEARED CONDOM , IF IT WILL HAPPEN THE LIFE OF BOTH PERSON WILL BE RUINED BECAUSE IN HIV INFECTION THE SYMPTOMS USUALLY APPEARS AFTER 10 YEARS, AND ANTIBODY APPEARS IN THE BLOOD AFTER 3 MONTH NOW THE DECISION IS YOUR'S

Mere muh se 3 month se bad smell aa rahi hai. Doctor ke pass check up ke liye gaya to unhone kaha pet me kharabi hone se bad smell aa raha hai. Kya ye vajah ho sakati hai? Please muje bataiye bad smell jane ke liye muje kya karna chahiye.

BDS
Dentist, Gurgaon
Mere muh se 3 month se bad smell aa rahi hai. Doctor ke pass check up ke liye gaya to unhone kaha pet me kharabi hone...
Four Common Bad Breath Causes There are many underlying causes of halitosis, but four of them are very common. Dry mouth: Xerostomia, the medical term for dry mouth, provides a perfect environment for anaerobic bacteria reproduction. Long periods of speaking, smoking, drinking alcohol, and snoring are a few common underlying causes. Most people experience foul breath in the morning due to lack of saliva production while they sleep. For healthy individuals, food odors are temporary and normal salivary flow will eliminate them within several minutes. However, those who suffer from dry mouth and lack of saliva find that even minor food odors may lead to long-term issues. Foods: Halitosis can be exacerbated by certain foods such as onions and garlic because they contain smelly sulfur compounds, while dairy, meat, and fish contain dense proteins which are used as a food source by the anaerobic, sulfur-producing bacteria. Refined and processed sugars also provide a food source for bacteria. Coffee and juices can contribute to this problem because they are acidic and provide these bacteria with an ideal breeding environment. Poor dental hygiene: Inadequate oral care causes bacterial buildup on the teeth and gums. Teeth cannot shed their surfaces the way skin can, so microorganisms can easily attach to the teeth and remain there for extended periods. If they are not continuously removed by adequate brushing, these bacteria develop into something called biofilm, commonly known as dental plaque. When plaque is allowed to accumulate near the gumline, it will harden and begin destroying teeth and gum tissues due to intense bacterial activity. This leads to gum disease such as gingivitis and periodontitis, which enable proteins from bleeding gums and diseased oral tissue to fuel odor-causing bacteria. Tooth decay and poorly fitting or dirty dentures can also contribute to this problem. Illness and disease: According to studies, an estimated 10% of all halitosis cases are caused by certain illnesses. Individuals who suffer from diabetes, lung disease, kidney disease, cancer, liver disease, respiratory tract infections, or metabolic disorders often experience chronic foul breath due to dry mouth. Sinusitis, pneumonia, bronchitis, postnasal drip, and polyps affect the airways and may also contribute to the problem. Other common illnesses associated with bad breath include nasal odor and tonsil stones, yeast infections of the mouth, and gum disease. Certain drugs such as antidepressants, high blood pressure medications, and antihistamines can factor into dry mouth because they reduce saliva production. Please Note: Halitosis is rarely associated with life-threatening diseases. However, it is important that you consult your doctor or dentist as soon as you notice consistent white spots on the tonsils and sores in the mouth with or without a fever. Sometimes bad breath is triggered by severe health conditions such as throat or mouth cancers, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, digestive system disorders, or diabetes – and further, can indicate dehydration or zinc deficiency. Taking proper care of your teeth and visiting the dentist at least twice a year are the easiest ways to avoid these issues. Halitosis Symptoms Offensive breath tells us that something is out of balance. In fact, anthropologists have reported that once humans started to kiss each other, the ability to smell one another's breath became a very important way to test a partner's compatibility. If the other person didn't pass the smell test, they were not able to get to the next step towards securing a mate. Halitosis is a medical condition that lowers self-esteem and affects everyday life and personal relationships. People with chronic or recurring bad breath often lose their self-confidence. It can be difficult to know if you have this problem, because it is often challenging to pick up on one's own scent. Furthermore, family members and colleagues may not feel comfortable telling you. One of the best ways to find out if you have foul breath is to lick the inside of your wrist, wait five seconds, and then take a whiff. Most symptoms of halitosis depend on the underlying cause. The most common symptoms include postnasal drip, a bitter metallic taste, a white coating on the tongue, and thick saliva. Many individuals who have foul breath associated with dry mouth can experience difficulty speaking or swallowing, a burning sensation in the mouth, or dry eyes. Fever, sore throat, persistent cough, and swollen lymph nodes in the neck indicate respiratory tract infections, which can also be a contributing factor. Getting a Proper Diagnosis The best way to truly identify the source of chronic halitosis is to visit a dentist or doctor for a professional diagnosis. When you are ready to tackle this situation, be sure to be open and honest with the healthcare professional performing the examination. It is important for him or her to understand all the health problems you are experiencing in order to determine the underlying cause and recommend appropriate treatment. The Halimeter (also known as a portable sulfide gas monitor) is the most commonly used clinical diagnostic instrument utilized in this field. It measures the concentration of hydrogen sulfide in parts per billion (ppb) in mouth air. The Halimeter uses a patented electrochemical voltammetric sensor, which has provided reproducible results to clinicians for the past 20 years. Getting Proper Treatment For more than a century, pharmaceutical companies attempted to alleviate halitosis by using mouthwash that contained alcohol. This is the exact opposite of what should be done because alcohol is a drying agent. Clinicians have learned a good deal in the ensuing years, and in most cases, this condition can be successfully treated. Like the symptoms, treatment depends on the underlying cause. It is important to keep in mind that you cannot eliminate the bacteria from the tongue that cause bad breath. Consequently, scraping or brushing the tongue is a temporary remedy at best, and is typically frustrating for those who believe tongue scraping or tongue brushing is a permanent solution. The bacteria that cause this are part of your normal oral flora and are essential to breaking down proteins, a key step in normal digestion. A much simpler and clinically-proven method to treat bad breath is to interrupt the bacteria's chemical production of odors by introducing oxygenating compounds to your oral environment. Oxygen is the natural enemy of the bacteria that cause this problem because they are anaerobes and cannot function in the presence of oxygen. In general, a dentist will recommend mouthwashes and toothpastes that contain oxygenating agents such as chlorine dioxide or sodium chlorite to neutralize volatile sulfur compounds and help control odor causing bacteria found in the mouth. If you are experiencing mouth dryness, your dentist will recommend a saliva substitute to moisten the mouth throughout the day. Some effective, natural ingredients to look for in oral care products are zinc gluconate, aloe vera, green tea, tea tree oil, xylitol, CoQ10, glycyrrhizic acid and oral probiotics like K12 and M18. Six Bad Breath Home Remedies The practice of a few, simple, self-care techniques can help to minimize halitosis. There are several things you can do at home. Advanced oral care products: Use oral care products such as mouthwashes and toothpastes that have been shown to be effective in fighting bad breath. Proper oral care: Brush and floss your teeth at least twice a day. Be sure to get a toothbrush with soft bristles (as to not damage tooth enamel or gums) and also use fluoride toothpaste. Brushing and flossing helps to remove any food and plaque which can be used as a fuel source by the anaerobic, sulfur-producing bacteria that are at the root of this problem. Stimulate your salivary flow: Prevent dry mouth with chewing gum, lozenges, or mints that are sugar free. Look for Xylitol, a non-sucrose sweetener, which in recent years has been shown to have anti-cavity properties. Eat fibrous fruits and vegetables: One of the best ways to remove bacteria in the mouth is to eat an apple a day. It helps moisten the mouth, too. Take a dietary supplement: Vitamin C, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, and Vitamin B are effective at helping your body eliminate excess mucus and toxins naturally. Brush your teeth occasionally with baking soda: The bacteria that cause bad breath thrive in an acidic oral environment. Brushing your teeth with baking soda helps neutralize excess acids found in the oral cavity. 12 Easy Ways to Prevent Bad Breath Please remember, preventing halitosis is always easier than treating it. By developing the right habits, you can effectively help prevent it. Eat foods rich in fiber: High fiber foods help prevent halitosis. Avoid eating heavily processed foods that contain refined carbohydrates such as cookies, cakes, sweets and ice cream. Use mouthwash: Some mouthwashes or oral rinses are effective at preventing bad breath. However, you should never use alcohol based mouthwashes because the alcohol makes the mouth very dry, which will actually make the problem worse. Drink green and black teas: They contain polyphenols that help eliminate sulfur compounds and reduce oral bacteria. Avoid drying medication: Try not to take antidepressants, diuretics, pain relievers, and antihistamines unless it is absolutely medically necessary. These drugs inhibit saliva flow and can cause chronic dry mouth. Avoid products with sodium lauryl sulfate or alcohol: Do not use any oral hygiene products that contain sodium lauryl sulfate or alcohol because the alcohol makes the mouth very dry, one of the most common causes of bad breath. Clean your mouth after eating meat, fish or dairy products: Practicing consistent and thorough oral hygiene is an effective prevention tool. Stop smoking: Studies have shown that smokers are at higher risk of developing periodontal disease and dry mouth. Furthermore, people who smoke may also engage in other habits that promote this condition such as dieting, drinking alcohol, and suffering from chronic anxiety conditions that require exacerbating prescription medications. Breathe through your nose instead of your mouth: Try to address any snoring or sleep apnea issues that could be affecting your breath and causing dry mouth. Drink water: Keep your mouth moist by drinking plenty of water. Clean your dentures at least once a day: Practice the same, proper oral care that you would with your original teeth. Eliminate dairy products from your diet: Lactose intolerance can be an underlying cause of halitosis. Use an oral probiotic like S. Salivarius K12 and M18: Use probiotics to balance the oral cavity and prevent an overgrowth of the odor-causing bacteria involved in halitosis.
2 people found this helpful

I have chicken pox. My five days of chicken pox had gone. And I am using medicine and a lotion. But they have not yet been cured. Please tell me can I go outside home. And can I eat maize and meat and spices.

BHMS
Homeopath, Chennai
I have chicken pox. My five days of chicken pox had gone. And I am using medicine and a lotion. But they have not yet...
Chickenpox is caused by the Varicella Zoster Virus, which is from the family of herpes viruses. The same virus causes Herpes Zoster in adults. It spreads through the respiratory tract which includes mucous membranes of the mouth and the nose. It is an airborne disease and spreads through tiny droplets in the air. These droplets containing the virus come from cough or sneeze of an infected person. It can also spread through contact with the blisters of an infected person. A person can spread the virus even before he himself has developed the full fledged infection. This can happen for a day or two prior to developing the rash. The contagious period remains well through the time when the person has rash till the time all the blisters have formed crusts. There is a prodromal period of about 14-16 days from the infection to the appearance of the symptoms. This means that if someone is infected today, he or she will start getting the symptoms around two weeks after the exposure. One is at a higher risk of getting chickenpox if one has never had it before and also if one has not been vaccinated against it. The most important thing to take care is that one should try to avoid all contact with any infected person. The virus spreads through air when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Therefore it is important that one should not be too close to any person who is infected. Any person who is infected should be isolated to the maximum extent possible so that others do not come into contact. Coming into direct contact with the blisters should be strictly avoided. Using or touching clothes or towels of an infected person needs to be completely avoided. The contagious period starts a day or two before a person starts showing the symptoms of the disease and lasts till the eruptions turn into scabs. There are many homeopathic remedies which can help in the treatment of chickenpox. As mentioned earlier, this is a viral infection and allopathic medicines are hardly able to treat this. Homeopathic medicines are very effective in the treatment of chickenpox just like they are effective in the treatment of other viral infections. Homeopathic remedies like Antim Crudum, Dulcamara, Rhus Tox and Merc Sol are very effective in the treatment of Chickenpox. Another little known fact is that Homeopathic medicines are also good prophylactics. This means that they can help prevent you from contracting chickenpox. Oranges and other citrus fruits are excellent for the immune system. It is advisable to have one glass of orange juice daily. One important point to remember is that you should stay away from additives in juices. Natural fruit and vegetable juices are good for you at this time. Fresh vegetables and raw fruits are recommended as well. Herbal teas such as cinnamon, basil and chamomile are good too. Other foods that will help are carrots, cashew nuts, tofu, walnut, egg, ginger, garlic, beetroot, and blueberry and so on. It is also advisable to consume raw organic fruits and vegetables. Foods which contain a lot of water are recommended as well since the body can easily digest such foods and process the nutrients in them. Cucumber, tomatoes, spinach watermelon, kiwi, sprouts, and so on fall into this category of water rich foods. You can easily take an online consultation for further treatment guidance and permanent cure without any side effects.
3 people found this helpful

Helo I do oral sex with my partner who is also a male gender and I am also a male. Is this any problem effects.

MBBS
General Physician, Cuttack
Helo I do oral sex with my partner who is also a male gender and I am also a male. Is this any problem effects.
Oral sex carries risk of transmission of sexually transmitted diseases like HIV,syphilis,gonorrhoea, herpes, HPV virus infection, ,oesophagus/oropharyngeal carcinoma

Popular Health Tips

Warts on the Penis - What Does This Mean?

MD - General Medicine
Sexologist, Delhi
Warts on the Penis - What Does This Mean?

Most men are very careful about their penis health, and understandably so - the penis is a very sensitive organ, and the manhood a very sensitive area. Ensuring proper penis care means regular washing, using a high-end penis health crème, and checking out the skin on a regular basis to ensure nothing looks different down there. So when a man sees warts on his penis, he will likely be quite concerned, puzzled - or even terribly frightened.

That's why it is so important to understand what it means to have warts, where they come from, and what can be done about it.

Warts on the penis?

Genital warts are one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases, with over 500,000 cases each year. It travels so easily from one person to another because the virus needs only simple skin-to-skin contact. That means that even if a man uses a condom, he might receive or transmit the infection through the touching of other body parts, such as the inner thigh or buttocks.

Warts on the penis are caused by the human papilloma virus, also known as HPV. There are over 100 strains of HPV. Some people might have a virus that causes warts on the feet or hands. Those who have genital warts are usually infected by one of two strains: HPV 6 or HPV 11.

In most cases, these warts are flesh-colored, soft to the touch, and might look a bit like cauliflower. They are usually painless, but they might lead to an itchy penis. They might be here and there all over the penis, or might form one large cluster. They usually show up between six weeks and six months after infection.

What does this mean?

A man who notices warts on his penis should immediately see the doctor. It is important to remember that though the warts might be unsightly or uncomfortable, they are usually not dangerous in and of themselves. It is possible that the warts, when irritated, could lead to open sores or bleeding, and that could lead to easier transmission of disease.

The human body is very good at fighting off the HPV virus. However, some prescriptions can help lessen the look, feel and number of warts, and might encourage faster healing. Warts that don't go away on their own can be removed by freezing, burning or minor surgery.

Keep in mind that when the warts are present, it is very easy to spread them from one person to another. But it is also important to note that warts can be spread even when an active 'outbreak' is not happening. That's why it is so important to get tested for sexually transmitted diseases, understand exactly what strains of HPV are present, and share that information with all sexual partners.

Preventing warts on the penis

It is very important to maintain great penis health, and that means doing what a man can to prevent warts in the first place. A man should always use a condom when with a new sexual partner. Getting the HPV vaccine might reduce the chances of a man contracting warts. He should also not smoke, as smoking seems to increase the risk of contracting HPV, and might make wart outbreaks more frequent or harder to treat.

Finally, a man should always inspect the penis skin carefully as he applies a regular dose of penis health crème (health professionals recommend Man 1 Man Oil, which is clinically proven mild and safe for skin). Look for a crème that contains vitamin A, a known anti-bacterial agent, as well as alpha-lipoic acid, which fights against free radicals that can lead to premature aging and thinning of the skin. Great vitamins and nutrients wrapped up in a Shea butter emollient, enhanced with vitamin E, can help the skin look and feel its best.

15 people found this helpful

Infertility - A Guide

MBBS, MD - Obstetrics & Gynaecology
Gynaecologist, Delhi
Infertility - A Guide

The term infertility in females explains a wide range of disorders but in order to simplify things, lets’ just say, infertility in women is a condition in which women are unable to conceive. There are numerous reasons that can be responsible for this situation and although some are preventable or curable, most others have no specific cure or treatment.

Ovulatory Disorders

One of the most common reasons for infertility is an ovulatory disorder. Almost 30 percent of female infertility is caused due to this reason. 70 percent of such infertility is treatable with drugs such as Reprones/Menogan and Clomiphene. Here is a list of causes of failed ovulation-

  1. Disruption in the complex hormonal balance.

  2. Ovaries fail to produce mature eggs. Polycystic ovarian syndrome is the most common disorder causing this problem. This syndrome has reduced FSH production and increased production of LH, Oestrogen and Testosterone. Suppressed FSH production may cause the partial development of ovarian follicles.

  3. Hypothalamus may malfunction thereby causing the pituitary to malfunction, thus losing control over the process or FSH and LH production.

  4. Physical damage to the ovaries by multiple surgeries or due to the formation of cysts.

  5. A rare case of premature menopause.

  6. Problems of the follicle.

  7. Poor functioning of fallopian tubes

Diseases or disorders in the tube have been another major reason of infertility in women. Almost 25 percent of women infertility occurs due to this reason. Although treatments exist, success rates of the treatments are as high as 30 percent. The causes of tube damage may be as follows-

  1. Infection caused by bacteria or viruses

  2. Abdominal diseases like colitis and appendicitis

  3. Previous pelvic or abdominal surgeries.

  4. A condition called ectopic pregnancy which occurs in the tube, and even if very carefully but successfully overcome, may leave permanent damage.

  5. Rare congenital defects in which women may be born with tube anomalies.

Endometriosis

This is the condition where the endometrium expands excessively thereby preventing individuals from getting pregnant. This affects almost 10 percent of the population of infertile women. Almost 40 percent of women with endometriosis are infertile.

Other Factors

Other additional factors may include:

  1. Abnormal uterus

  2. Congenital diseases

  3. Behavioural factors like personal habits, lifestyle and health factors.

  4. Exercise and diet- extremely overweight or underweight women may have problems in conceiving.

  5. Cigarette smoking reduces the chances of conceiving by one-third.

  6. Alcohol increases the chances of birth defects.

Hence, pregnancy is tougher than it might really seem. If you wish to discuss about any specific problem, you can consult a Gynaecologist.

3547 people found this helpful

9 Symptoms Of Cervical Cancer!

EMDR, FRCOG (LONDON) (Fellow of Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists), MFSRH , Diploma in psychosexual therapy, Medical diploma in clinical Hypnosis, Diploma in Evidence Based Healthcare, DNB (Obstetrics and Gynecology), MD - Obstetrics & Gynaecology, MBBS
Gynaecologist, Pune
9 Symptoms Of Cervical Cancer!

Cervical cancer is a form of cancer which occurs in the cervix or the lower part of the uterus in women, which opens up into the vagina. Its different from the other cancers that occur in other parts of the uterus and has a high rate of being cured if detected early.

Causes of Cervical Cancer: Cervical cancer is usually caused when abnormal cells present in the cervix, get out of control. Usually, major cases of cervical cancer are caused by a virus known as the human papillomavirus or HPV. This virus gets transmitted from one person to another by sexual means or sexual contact. Abnormal changes in the cervix cells lead to cervical cancer. Usually, cell changes occur in the transformation zone in the cervix as the cells tend to change constantly, thereby leading to cancer.

Symptoms:

  1. Abnormal vaginal bleeding between menstrual phases, after menopause or after having sex.
  2. Pain is experienced during sex.
  3. Abnormal vaginal discharge is produced.
  4. Abnormal changes in the menstrual cycle.
  5. Anemia due to abnormal bleeding from the vagina.
  6. Recurring pain in the pelvis, back or leg.
  7. Several urinary problems due to the blockage of the uterus.
  8. Urine or stool leakage into the vagina.
  9. Loss of weight.

How it can be diagnosed?
A routine screening test should be undertaken to observe any abnormal cell changes in the cervix and also for the screening for cervical cancer. Taking regular Pap smear test is recommended to detect abnormal cell changes so that cervical cancer can be prevented before hand. Other diagnostic tests include, Colposcopy and cervical biopsy to determine the presence of abnormal cells in the cervix, Endocervical biopsy and Cone biopsy.

Treatment options available: 
Cervical cancer can be treated when detected at an early stage. The type of treatment depends on the stage and type of cervical cancer. The most common treatment methods are as follows:

  1. Surgery can be undertaken for removal of the cancer. Several types of surgeries exist and the ideal one depends on the location and severity of the cervical cancer.
  2. Radiation therapy involves the use of high dosage X-rays and implants within the vaginal cavity. This kills the cancer cells and is used in some specific stages of cervical cancer. This therapy is often used alongside surgery.
  3. Chemo-radiation is a combination of radiation therapy and chemotherapy. This procedure can be used at various stages of cervical cancer.
  4. Chemotherapy involves using medicines for killing cancer cells. It is used in advanced stages of cervical cancer.

Pelvic cancer is caused by abnormal cell changes in the pelvis. It is a common kind of cancer and can cause negative effects on the health. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential for treating pelvic cancer. If you wish to discuss about any specific problem, you can consult a gynaecologist.

4063 people found this helpful

Oral Cancer - In A Nutshell!

Post Doctoral Research (Ph.D.) (A.M) (Oncology), PGCert.- Integrative Oncology For Physicians (MSKCC, N.Y, USA), Doctor of Natural Medicine (N.D/ N.M.D), PGDip.- Clinical Counseling, PGDip.- Oncology & Haematology (A.M), Cert.- Ayurveda (I), CME Cert. - Clinically Relevant Herb-Drug Interactions (Cine-Med Inc. USA), PGCert.- Homeopathic Oncology (CCHO), PGCert.- Advanced Homeopathic Oncology (PGCCHO), Cert.- Immunotherapy Guidelines (NSCLC), Cert.- Advances in Cancer Immunotherapy, Cert.- Cancer Nutrition, PGCert.- Advanced Strategic Management Programme (APSM), B.E CSE
Alternative Medicine Specialist, Bhubaneswar
Oral Cancer - In A Nutshell!

Oral cancer (OC) occurs when DNA mutations develop in the cells lining the lips and the mouth cavity. It commonly affects the tongue, floor of mouth, buccal mucosa, lips, palate, gum etc all. Mostly, oral cancers are squamous cell carcinomas that begin in the squamous cells lining the lips and the inside of mouth.

  1. Type: of oral cancer are as enumerated below -

    1. Squamous cell carcinoma: is the most common, as described above.

    2. Adenocarcinoma: affects the salivary glands.

    3. Lymphoma: affects the tissues of the tonsil(s) or those involving the lymphatic system.

    4. Melanoma: may affect the mucous tissues of the oral cavity.

  2. Gender: affects the male populace predominantly. But, it can affect both male and female. It’s the commonest cancer in India currently, and accounts for a significant percentage of the total cancer mortality.

  3. Etiology: consumption of “khaini” (tobacco & lime mix), betel nut, areca nut, slaked lime, chronic irritation due to irregular teeth, smoking, alcohol consumption, oral infection with Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) / Human Papilloma virus (HPV), nutritional deficiencies, chronic infections & poor dental/ oral hygiene are the common risk factors that can trigger oral carcinogenesis. It is noteworthy that the local effects of tobacco and alcohol are both dose-dependent and synergistic.

  4. Features: the various presentations (of signs & symptoms) of Oral cancer are as given below –

    1. Cheek cancer - hard and painless thickening, with an ulcer sometimes that does not heal for weeks together.

    2. Lip cancer - white patch on the inner lining of the lip on which a hard mass slowly develops.

    3. Palate cancer- persistent sore on the hard palate that may ulcerate.

    4. Throat cancer - difficulty swallowing, sore throat, voice changes, feeling of hard lump in the throat.

    5. Tongue cancer - ulcer on the side of the tongue that bleeds occasionally and does not heal.

    6. Gum cancer and cancer of the minor salivary glands - loose teeth, bad breath and sensory loss of the feelings in the face

  5. Screening: is generally recommended for asymptomatic populations goal of which, as usual, is to be able to detect & diagnose oral cancer at an early stage which is potentially curable. Visual screening by healthcare personnel including dentists, general practitioners, oncologists, surgeons etc all is crucial to detect not only early asymptomatic oral cancers but also the oral pre-cancerous lesions including oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), oral leukoplakia, erythroplakia et al which carry a high risk of malignant transformation to in-situ and invasive cancers.

  6. Diagnosis: a complete physical exam of the local parts basis the features mentioned above arouses suspicion that prompts diagnosis -

    1. Biopsy (punch or removal of mass of tissue (excision) for cytology) clinches the diagnosis of oral cancer. Should there be a neck mass that arises suspicion of a regional metastatic disease, a fine needle biopsy (FNB) can be attempted.

    2. Initial staging workup includes CT, MRI scans etc all. PET CT scan though frequently employed, is not usually used for the initial workup.

    3. A triple endoscopy that includes laryngoscopy, esophagoscopy and bronchoscopy can help definitive staging of the disease. Biopsies obtained during this procedure help confirm the primary diagnosis, define the extent to which the primary site disease has spread, and identify additional pre-malignant lesions and metastasis, if any.

  7. Treatment / Prognosis: preventive measures, earlier diagnosis and right early treatment is key for better prognostication and efficient/ effective therapeutic management of oral cancer. Conventional treatment includes surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy as deems appropriate. Simultaneously, an adjunctive or integrative naturopathic treatment with suitable complementary & alternative medicines (CAM) too can help improve clinical endpoints and facilitate recovery as would be feasible contextually. As seen with other cancers, the site, stage, histopathological grading etc all determine the treatment outlook. The number of micronucleated oral mucosal cells can be a useful biomarker for predicting course of oral pre-cancerous lesions and prognosis thereof.

  8. Prevention: rightly said, prevention is always a better choice. Although genetic risks are difficult to modify, still an increased focus on protective factors and avoidance of the risk factors can be of help. Especially, abstaining from use of tobacco/ products, alcohol, regularly maintaining oral health and hygiene and daily intake of fresh seasonal fruits and vegetables can help prevent a vast majority of oral cancers. Also, timely screening/ detection of the pre-cancerous lesions of the oral cavity and prompt treatment thereof is crucial to preventing a malignant transformation of the same. If you wish to discuss about any specific problem, you can ask a free question.

3556 people found this helpful