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Overview

CD15 Test

CD15 Test

The CD15 antibody recognizes the CD15 antigen present in human myelomonocytic cells. The CD 15 test is performed on a sample of blood taken from the patient to measure the level of CD 15 antigen in the blood. CD15 is expressed in granulocytes and can be present in malignant lymphomas and acute myeloid leukemias. CD15 is also shown in Reed-Sternberg cells and some epithelial cells. It plays the role of mediating between phagocytosis, bactericidal activity, and chemotaxis. Antibodies of CD15 plays the role of a diagnostic marker of Hodgkin's disease and large cell lymphomas of both B- and T- phenotypes.

No special preparation is needed for taking the CD 15 test. Since the test requires you to provide blood samples, it would be better if you inform the doctor of any medications or underlying medical conditions or allergies you have before undergoing CD 15 test. The CD 15 test is done using Immunohistochemistry method on a blood sample taken from a vein of the patient. The test is ordered by a doctor if you show symptoms of swollen lymph nodes, intermittent fevers, and unexplained weight loss. Mention any infections as they are a common cause of enlarged lymph nodes, especially in children.

It is helpful in detecting Phenotyping leukemias and lymphomas. It acts as a marker for the diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma or the Hodgkin's disease. This test includes only the technical performance of the stain which does not involve any pathologist interpretation of the result. The positive and negative controls are based on the sample showing appropriate immunoreactivity to the CD 15 antigens. The tests are also conducted during the treatment to better access whether the medications are working for the patient. Imaging tests with the help x-rays, sound waves, magnetic fields are later done to determine the stage (extent) of Hodgkin lymphoma.

The CD 15 test is done based on Immunohistochemistry method on blood samples. The test involves imaging antigens selectively in section of tissue cells by binding antibodies, specifically to antigens in biological tissues. A doctor wraps a rubber band around your arm, for the veins to pop up and show. Then, using a needle blood is collected in a vile, which is refrigerated. A formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue block is a preferred specimen that is used for the test. Next, the block and slide identifiers are written and matched precisely with the specimen ID and specimen labeling.

Type Gender Age-Group Value
CD 15
Unisex
All age groups
Test is positive if the conditions listed are detected
Average price range of the test is between Rs.1650 to Rs.1650 depending on the factors of city, quality and availablity.

Table of Content

What is CD15 Test?
Preparation for CD15 Test
Uses of CD15 Test
Procedure for CD15 Test
Normal values for CD15 Test
Price for CD15 Test
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Popular Questions & Answers

hi I'm HIV negetive. My cd4 count-900 & cd4%-66. To ye mere body ke liye acha he kya? please help me for that

BASM, MD, MS (Counseling & Psychotherapy), MSc - Psychology, Certificate in Clinical psychology of children and Young People, Certificate in Psychological First Aid, Certificate in Positive Psychology, Positive Psychiatry and Mental Health
Psychologist, Palakkad
hi  I'm HIV negetive. My cd4 count-900 & cd4%-66. To ye mere body ke liye acha he kya? please help me for that
Dear lybrate user. I can understand. A french team of HIV researchers found that people with HIV who started treatment with a CD4 cell count above 500 were 56 times more likely to experience a normalisation of immune function and a reduction in HIV DNA to low levels when compared to people who started treatment at lower CD4 counts. You are safe. Take care.
1 person found this helpful

Hi Sir if Cd 4 % normal renge se bdega to HIV ho skta he kya? please help for that

M.D. Consultant Pathologist, CCEBDM Diabetes, PGDS Sexology USA, CCMTD Thyroid, ACDMC Heart Disease, CCMH Hypertension, ECG
Sexologist, Sri Ganganagar
Hi Sir if Cd 4 % normal renge se bdega to HIV ho skta he kya? please help for that
HIV is different. For HiV go for HIV tridot test and if positive then western blot test. CD 4 if come more than 500 It means no needs for HIV treatment. Just increase your immunity.
1 person found this helpful

Hi 6 month 15 din bad meri test negetive ayi. Aur ye negetive test ke sath mene cd4 test ki thi blki me negetive hu. To mera rijult cd4 count -900 ayi aur cd4% 66 aye. To cd4% jyada he to HIV ho skta he kya aage jar? Confiuesd hu me please reply sir?

DHMS (Hons.)
Homeopath, Patna
Hi 6 month 15 din bad meri test negetive ayi. Aur ye negetive test ke sath mene cd4 test ki thi blki me negetive hu. ...
Hello, regular CD4 counts in HIV-negative people, range from about 400 to 1600. Some people have naturally low counts and some have much higher levels. Moreover, you with 900 (negative )are safe. Tk, care.
1 person found this helpful

Popular Health Tips

HIV - 4 Associated Body Problems

Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery (BAMS)
Sexologist, Ambala
HIV - 4 Associated Body Problems

HIV, which is short for Human Immunodeficiency Virus, penetrates your body and directly attacks your immune system. In this process, the virus weakens your body's natural defense mechanism against diseases and infections. A compromised immune system makes the body prone to minor infections, which healthy people would generally overcome. The virus itself doesn't cause any physical symptoms. It only serves to ease the entry of other bacteria and viruses into the body.

The following are some of the ways HIV affects your body:
1. Immune system - The human immunodeficiency virus destroys CD4 cells, the white blood cells that help the immune system ward off foreign substances. If left unchecked, HIV can develop into AIDS. During such time, the virus may damage the immune system to an extent that it wouldn't be able to ward off minor infections that a healthy immune system would. A person with HIV could thus suffer from fever, chills, sweats, shortness of breathwhite spots in the mouth, fatigueskin rash and weight loss from time to time.
2. Respiratory system - As HIV develops into AIDS, the body can contract infections such as pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), tuberculosis and Kaposi's sarcoma. These conditions lead to serious respiratory problems. PCP is found to be one of the most common infections among people with HIV. 85% of the people would develop the infection if the condition is left untreated.

3. Skin problems - As in healthy individuals, many skin conditions can also occur in people with HIV or AIDS. But a compromised immune system heightens the condition and causes difficulty in treatment. Dermatitis, psoriasis, and hives are common conditions. They are also prone to a rare type of skin cancer known as Kaposi's sarcoma.
4. Gastrointestinal system - Gastrointestinal disorders are the most common ailments for people diagnosed with HIV and AIDS. Problems faced include diarrhea, nauseavomiting, weight loss, abdominal pain and gastrointestinal bleeding. 50% of the people suffering from HIV encounter gastrointestinal disorders at some point of their illness. If you wish to discuss any specific problem, you can consult a sexologist.

6043 people found this helpful

Does HIV Cause Skin Problems?

MD - Alternate Medicine, M-CSEPI, BHMS
Sexologist, Pune
Does HIV Cause Skin Problems?

HIV, which is short for Human Immunodeficiency Virus, penetrates your body and directly attacks your immune system. In this process, the virus weakens your body's natural defense mechanism against diseases and infections. A compromised immune system makes the body prone to minor infections, which healthy people would generally overcome. The virus itself doesn't cause any physical symptoms. It only serves to ease the entry of other bacteria and viruses into the body.

The following are some of the ways HIV affects your body:
1. Immune system - The human immunodeficiency virus destroys CD4 cells, the white blood cells that help the immune system ward off foreign substances. If left unchecked, HIV can develop into AIDS. During such time, the virus may damage the immune system to an extent that it wouldn't be able to ward off minor infections that a healthy immune system would. A person with HIV could thus suffer from fever, chills, sweats, shortness of breath, white spots in the mouth, fatigue, skin rash and weight loss from time to time.
2. Respiratory system - As HIV develops into AIDS, the body can contract infections such as pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), tuberculosis and Kaposi's sarcoma. These conditions lead to serious respiratory problems. PCP is found to be one of the most common infections among people with HIV. 85% of the people would develop the infection if the condition is left untreated.

3. Skin problems - As in healthy individuals, many skin conditions can also occur in people with HIV or AIDS. But a compromised immune system heightens the condition and causes difficulty in treatment. Dermatitis, psoriasis, and hives are common conditions. They are also prone to a rare type of skin cancer known as Kaposi's sarcoma.
4. Gastrointestinal System - Gastrointestinal disorders are the most common ailments for people diagnosed with HIV and AIDS. Problems faced include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, abdominal pain and gastrointestinal bleeding. 50% of the people suffering from HIV encounter gastrointestinal disorders at some point of their illness. If you wish to discuss any specific problem, you can consult a sexologist.

3421 people found this helpful

Mycobacterium Avium Complex

MBBS, D.P.H
General Physician, Gurgaon
Mycobacterium Avium Complex

MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM COMPLEX

  • Caused by Bacteria M. avium "M.A.C." / M. intrracelulare "M.A.I"

  • MAC is a AIDS-defining condition.
  • MAC is common in persons having CD4 count <50 cell/mm.
  • Respiratory symptoms are not common in HIV -related MAC.
  • Mycobacterium avium complex or M. kansasii  dessiminated  or extramulmonary, almost any internal organ especially the Liver, Spleen, and Bone marrow
  • SYMPTOMS

  •  Night sweats

  • Fever
  • Weight loss
  • Diarrhoea
  • Low level of red and white blood cells.
  • High blood level of liver enzyme ( alkaline phosphatase)
  • Painful intestines.
  • Almost half of those with late -stage HIV disease (AIDS) are infected with the MAC bacteria, not all of those show symptoms of MAC.
  • Elevated alkaline phosphatase levels in blood tests can indicate MAC.
  • TREATMENT:

  • As advised by consulting physician  ( Clarithomycin, Azithromycin, Etambutol , Rifampin, Rifabutin, Ciprofloxacin, Amikacin

5 people found this helpful

Know More About HIV

FHM Fellowship In HIV Medicine, MD, MBBS
HIV Specialist, Hyderabad
Play video

What are the causes, symptoms and treatment for HIV

HIV AIDS kaise spread hota hai, iske symptoms kya hai, iska treatment kaise karte hai, iske barey mein aaj hum baat karengey. HIV ek retrovirus hai jo usually sexual mode se transmit hota hai. Sexual mode ke ilawa yeh infected needles se bhi spread ho sakta hai yah infected blood transfusion se bhi spread ho sakta hai, aur lastly mother agar infected hai toh mother se child ko bhi aa sakta hai. Toh hum isko kaise diagnosis karte hai?  Basically blood test se yeh pata chal jata hai, iske do tarah ke blood test available hai, ek se aap directly antigens ko detect kar sakte hai jaise p24 antigens yah aap directly antibodies ko detect kar sakte hai jaise ki ELISA aur western blot. Yeh test se malum ho jata hai ki patient HIV infected hai yah nahin. Agar HIV hai confirm honey ke baad patient ko hum stage kya hai pata karne ke liye further test karte hai jaise ki CD4 Count aur viral load keh ke do test rehte hai iske liye toh iske hisaab se patient ko hum 4 stage mein divide kar sakte hai stage 1, stage 2, stage 3, stage 4.

Agar stage 1 mein dekha jaye toh patient mein bilkul sympotoms nahin dikhte hai. 2nd stage mein patient ko khasi se chhotey motey bukhar aur skin infections jaise herpes infection jaise problems aa sakte hai. 3rd stage mein patient ko long term problems aatey hai jaise ki fever yah chronic lose motions jo ek mahine do mahine se zyada rehte hai aur jo dawa lene ke bawajud bhi kam nahin hota hai, yah patient ko agar tb ho jata hai, HIV patients mein 80% se zyada logo ko TB aa jata hai, toh yeh sab infections stage 3 mein aa sakte hai. Agar yeh stage mein bhi dawa nahin lete hai patient toh 4th stage yaani ki AIDS stage mein phuch jatey hai. Jismein ki patient ka CD4 count bohut kam hota hai, usually less than 100 rehta hai. Aur yeh stage mein patient ko opportunistic infections aa jaatey hai jaise ki TB, extrapulmonary TB, Lungs ke ilawa dusre jagah bhi aa sakta hai jo ki very common hai yeh stage mein.

Aur iske ilawa patient ko esophageal infections like fungal infections, oral candidiasis jaise problems aa sakte hai. Yah patient ko dusre malignancies aa sakte hai jaise lymphoma malignancies. Toh yeh stage pata karne ke baad humko kaunse treatment start karna hai iske liye hum anti retroviral treatment start karte hai jo ki HIV ko phailne se rok deta hai aur HIV ko khatam karne ke liye best treatment hai.

HIV treatment ko hum ART Treatment kehte hai. ART Treatment Government se bhi available hai aur private mein bhi available hai. ART treatment se kya hota hai, jo virus hai who kam ho jata hai. Iske wajah se hum cd4 ko badha sakte hai. CD4 count normal person mein 500 se le kar 1500 tak rehta hai, jo HIV infected rehte hai unka CD4 count kam ho jata hai. Patient ko dawa start karne se pehle counseling karte hai. Counseling mein hum patient ko iske dawa ka important effects kya hai batate hai.

Main important cheez hai dawa ko regular lena hai, isko rok nahin sakte, aise important cheez hum patient ko batate hai, aur patient ko motivate karte hai ki jo regular aap dawa logey toh apko koi bhi symptoms nahin ayengey, aur dawa lene se cd4 improve hoga aur immunity improve hoga, appetite badhega aur apka swasth thik rahega. Hum advice karte hai patient ko hamesha condom use karey aur agar aap ART treatment lete ho iske affect se HIV dusro mein phailne se rukk jata hai, to hiss tarah se humlog HIV ko prevent bhi kar sakte hai.
Aaj ke liye bus itna hi HIV ke barey mein. Agaar aap ko koi doubts hai yah apko treatment ke barey mein baat karna hai toh aap mujhe Lybrate se contact kar skte hai. Agar aap Hyderabad mein ho toh aap mujhe Srinivasa Hospital mein morning yah evening time mil sakte hai. Dhanyabaad.

3777 people found this helpful

HIV

FHM Fellowship In HIV Medicine, MD, MBBS
HIV Specialist, Hyderabad
Play video

Here are the symptoms , diagnosis , prevention & treatment of HIV

This is Dr. Ajay. Last time I spoke to you about HIV the symptoms, the staging and how to identify the patient with HIV phase down symptoms. So today in this video I will be discussing more about how to diagnose the patient with HIV.

What are the tests available? What are the treatment options available? And how to prevent HIV?

So when we come across the patient with HIV the only way we can diagnose the patient with HIV is by doing blood test. There are different kinds of blood tests available. They can be from the tests that detect the antibodies for HIV. There are tests to detect the antigens on HIV like P-24. Then there are tests to detect the virus itself like PCR. So when a patient is exposed the HIV positive patient either sexually or through injections. Then the patient develops antibodies in his body. So these antibodies take at least three to six months’ time to develop. So in this duration which is called as window period. In this period we won’t be able to detect antibodies. So all the tests like Elisa, Tridot, and Western blot. These tests won’t be able to pick up the patient’s window period when the antibodies are not there. So if you want to detect the antibodies you need to wait for three months or three to six months after exposure.

So if you can’t wait for three to six months you can do the other tests which can pick up the virus directly. So once we diagnose the patient with HIV then the next step would be to monitor the disease I mean how to stage the patient. So because HIV damages the immune system. So there are the tests which can assess the immune system of the patient so these tests are called cd4 count and viral load. CD-4 is nothing but it is a sub site of T-cell. So the normal CD count for a patient would range from 500-1500 which is a normal range. The other test which is available is viral load. The viral load is nothing but it detects how many viral copies are present in the body. After diagnosing the patient with HIV. The next step would be to start the treatment. So the treatment what we give for HIV is what we call is antiretroviral treatment or ART. ART is the most popular treatment available for treatment and in this ART there are different medicines available.

The most important thing which determines is the CD-count and the viral load. So before we start the antiretroviral treatment we assess the patient. First we counsel the patient whether the patient is prepared to start the treatment or not. Then we also rule out the other opportunistic infections. Because patients who have HIV already have other opportunistic infections. So before you start the antiretroviral treatment you need to assess whether the patient is having any opportunistic infection. You have to rule out those then you also have to assess the baseline function of the patient like whether the patient is having any liver abnormalities or if the patient is having normal liver function, normal kidney function and we also have to do the complete blood picture.

So if the patient is having all the parameters normal and if the patient is not having any opportunistic infection. Then we do preparedness counselling for the patient that is when we start the treatment. So before we start the treatment we see the CD-4 count. Now previously the guideline was to depend on the CD-4 count. They use to start the treatment when the CD-4 count is low but now the guidelines say that HIV treatment can be started irrespective of the CD-4 count.

So this is all about HIV treatment and in the subsequent video I will be talking more about the HIV treatment and I would like to thank lybrate and if you want to consult me you can consult me through lybrate or you can directly walk in or take an appointment and meet me at my clinic at Narayanguda.

3447 people found this helpful